Special Education and Technology

4 Professional Development Modules

January 2006

The following professional development modules and additional resources are intended to introduce special and general educators to the roles technology might play in providing greater access to learning for students with a variety of disabilities.

What is Universal Design for Learning1

What is Universal Design for Learning and

How Does it Relate to Technology Use in Special Education?

Overview

  • Universal Design for Learning--or UDL--has been conceptualized by the Center for Applied Special Technology--or CAST.

A not-for-profit educational research organization focused on increasing opportunities for all students, particularly those with disabilities

  • UDL is intended to minimize the barriers to access in curriculum and classroom instruction to ensure all students have an equal opportunity to succeed
  • Teaching Every Student in the Digital Age explores in detail how UDL can and does work in the classroom

History

  • UDL is based on the principle of Universal Design from architecture

“Universal design is the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.” Ron Mace (architect, founder of the Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University)

  • Universal Design modifications seek to remove physical barriers—by providing accommodations such as curb cutting and captioning

These accommodations are included in the original design of the environment in an effort to avoid retrofit adaptations later.

Applied to Education

  • UDL takes the idea of removing barriers and applies it to the context of education

What kind of barriers--other than physical--might exist in the classroom for a student with disabilities?

  • UDL takes access beyond the issue of access to information and to the next step--access to learning

How can educators teach all students so that all learn?

Importance of Brain Research

  • Brain research plays a critical role in the UDL theory

There is no such thing as a “normal” brain--each individual brain functions differently with an endless variety of strengths and weaknesses

UDL Is Another Piece

  • UDL is not intended as a replacement for Universal Design in building structures such as curb cuts, ramps, wider doorways, lower tables, etc.
  • UDL is not intended as a replacement for assistive technologies such as switches, alternative keyboards, voice controlled systems, captioning, etc.
  • UDL is another piece in a complicated puzzle of removing as many learning barriers as possible for individuals with disabilities
  • During this professional development we will be focusing on one small aspect of accessible education--UDL--which advocates the removal of barriers within CURRICULUM

Resources

Rose, D.H. & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching Every Student in the Digital Age: Universal Design for Learning. ASCD. Available online at

CAST website:

Orkwis, R. (2003). Universally designed instruction. ERIC/OSEP Digest #e641. Arlington, VA: Council for Exceptional Children. Available online at

The Center for Universal Design website:

______

What is Universal Design for Learning1

  1. Overview
  2. OBJECTIVE 1: Participants will become familiar with the tenets and basic principles of the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) theory through the use of various print, online, and digital resources
  3. OBJECTIVE 2: Participants will practice effective web search strategies
  4. OBJECTIVE 3: Participants will practice outlining with a word processor or using the flow chart template in Inspiration
  5. (OPTIONAL OBJECTIVE): Participants will practice using PowerPoint.
  1. Activities
  2. DLRP "Plugged In" Fact Sheets, and Tool Box Resources
  3. In groups of 2-3, participants will complete 3 activities at their own pace:
  4. Participants will review materials produced by DLRP (Plugged In Fact Sheets and Toolbox resources). Participants will also review CAST online resources (see: and
  1. Station 1: Internet Scavenger Hunt (Handout 1)
  2. participants will find answers to questions and definitions for terms related to UDL in terms of physical surroundings and curriculum
  3. participants will be provided with a list of helpful links as well as search tips

iThe Center for Universal Design:

iiWeb Accessibility and Universal Design:

iiiAdaptive Environments:

ivUniversal Design Education Online:

vWiggleWorks:

viERIC/OSEP Topical Brief, Fall 1998:

viiBarrier Free Education:

viiiWC3 Web Content Guidelines (WAI):

  1. Station 2: Application in Schools: Should be completed last by all groups—can take place at their group tables
  2. participants will consider what they learned during the review of Web-based materials, print materials
  3. participants will create an outline or flow chart using Inspiration for a plan to evaluate their school on how accessible it is for all students in terms of the building, the curriculum, and the technology used
  1. Debrief—back in the larger group, participants will share what they learned through each activity. Each group will share at least one insight gained from each of the three stations without duplicating contributions from other groups.
  2. Optional: each group will contribute one PowerPoint slide for each of the three stations highlighting the insight they shared with the group. The slides will then be compiled into a PowerPoint presentation that will be given to each participant.

For Facilitators

Estimated Time to Complete: 1-2 hours

Guidelines and Tips:

  • Facilitators should stress that UDL does not replace assistive technologies and/or universal design in building structures.
  • Facilitators should assess participants prior knowledge of Internet navigation and provide tip sheets as needed.
  • Facilitators should encourage participants to list additional comments/thoughts on additions or examples
  • During the scavenger hunt activity, facilitators should encourage participants to find answers through their own searching as well as through exploring the links provided.

Internet Scavenger Hunt Questions

(Handout)

  1. What role does brain research play in UDL?
  1. What are learning networks? Identify and briefly define the three learning networks identified through brain research. Give an example of how each learning network plays out in the classroom.
  1. What is the difference between UDL and the use of assistive technology?
  1. What is traditional fixed media vs. digital flexible media? Identify at least 2 examples of each listing the advantages and disadvantages of each example. How can each example be used effectively in the classroom by applying the principles of UDL?
  1. List 2 of the 7 principles for Universal Design (not Universal Design for Learning). How might these principles be applicable to you and your students?
  1. What are some ways in which web developers can make websites more accessible to more people?
  1. What are the three principles of UDL? How do they relate to the three brain networks? Give a concrete example of each principle as it might be demonstrated in the classroom.
  1. What is WiggleWorks? Why is it different from other programs attempting to teach the same content?
  1. Find and summarize at least one student success story related to the use of UDL and/or universal design.
  1. What roles do goal setting, individualized instruction, and assessment of progress play in the application of UDL in the classroom?
  1. How could UDL benefit all students and not just students with disabilities?

Internet Scavenger Hunt Questions

(Handout)

  1. What role does brain research play in UDL?
  1. What are learning networks? Identify and briefly define the three learning networks identified through brain research. Give an example of how each learning network plays out in the classroom.
  1. What is the difference between UDL and the use of assistive technology?
  1. What is traditional fixed media vs. digital flexible media? Identify at least 2 examples of each listing the advantages and disadvantages of each example. How can each example be used effectively in the classroom by applying the principles of UDL?
  1. List 2 of the 7 principles for Universal Design (not Universal Design for Learning). How might these principles be applicable to you and your students?
  1. What are some ways in which web developers can make websites more accessible to more people?
  1. What are the three principles of UDL? How do they relate to the three brain networks? Give a concrete example of each principle as it might be demonstrated in the classroom.
  1. What is WiggleWorks? Why is it different from other programs attempting to teach the same content?
  1. Find and summarize at least one student success story related to the use of UDL and/or universal design.
  1. What roles do goal setting, individualized instruction, and assessment of progress play in the application of UDL in the classroom?
  1. How could UDL benefit all students and not just students with disabilities?

______

Module 1: What is Universal Design for Learning1

Module 2: Exploring Technology Resources

  1. Overview
  2. OBJECTIVE 1: Participants will explore examples of technology resources that meet at least some of the UDL principles/criteria
  3. OBJECTIVE 2: Participants will reflect on how these resources meet the criteria for UDL and how they might use these applications in their classrooms
  4. What follows is a series of mini-activities; the facilitator should decide ahead of time which activities best suit the needs of the participants; it is recommended that all groups complete the Activity A regarding the accessibility of websites
  1. Activities
  2. Issues of Web Accessibility
  3. Participants will view a video produced by ASD which focuses on the accessibility issues surrounding the Internet:
  4. participants will jot down notes as they watch regarding some of the issues raised by the people in the video;
  5. then participants will view several websites using a traditional browser, using a traditional browser with certain features turned off/changed, and using an alternative browser; for each website the participants will complete a matrix regarding the aspects of the website they find particularly appealing, easy to use, difficult to use and potential barriers for students with disabilities (Handout 1)
  6. Participants will complete the following cycle for each website:
  7. view the website in a traditional browser such as Internet Explorer—make notes in matrix provided
  8. view the website using the same traditional browser with certain features changed or turned off and make notes on the matrix provided
  9. images not loaded
  10. background color changed to black with text color changed to white
  11. frames not loaded
  1. Participants will complete a mini-activity using TextHelp Read&Write (Mac and Win—commercial)
  2. Participants will use a selection from Project Gutenberg (excerpt from Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson—Handout 2)
  3. they will use the read functions and explore the different options for reading text
  4. they will use the write function to take notes on what they are reading, exploring the many different options for auto-complete, word prediction, etc.
  5. participants will then answer Questions to Consider (Handout 3)
  6. Participants will complete a mini-activity using ReadPlease (Win only—freeware) See:
  7. Using text from Project Gutenberg (excerpt from Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson—Handout 2) participants will explore the different applications and abilities of ReadPlease and will answer the Questions to Consider (Handout 4)
  8. Participants will complete a mini-activity using KidBook—best suited for elementary grades (Mac only—freeware) See:
  9. Using the KidBook Maker, participants will create a book to teach their students about a specific topic—preferably one they commonly teach in their regular curriculum
  10. Participants will then switch books with other participants and use the KidBook Reader to read them
  11. Participants will complete a mini-activity using Inspiration and/or Kidspiration (Mac or Win—commercial, 30-day trial) See:
  12. participants will work together to create a collaborative concept map
  13. they will decide together what the topic of the concept map should be
  14. Participants will explore the various features such as templates, outline-to-graphic, colors, hyperlinking, images, etc.
  15. each group member will complete one aspect of the concept map including illustrations, hyperlinks, and personalization through color-coding, font, etc.
  16. participants will then use the Listen tool to hear the map read to them
  17. Participants will fill out a chart answering questions about how each application meets some of the principles of UDL and how each application might be used in the classroom (Handout 5)
  18. If time permits, participants may want to share their charts with the whole group

For Facilitators

Estimated Time to Complete: 1-2.5 hours

•45 minutes to 1 hour for web accessibility activity

•20-30 minutes for each mini-activity

Guidelines and Tips:

  • It is recommended that facilitators always choose to have participants complete activity A on issues with website accessibility.
  • For web accessibility activity, there are several options for choosing the websites participants will view:
  • Allow participants to choose their own websites
  • Allow participants to choose 2 websites and you assign one from the list of accessible sites below
  • Allow participants to choose 1 website while you assign 1 from the accessible list and 1 from the inaccessible list below
  • Facilitators should then choose 1-2 additional mini-activities based on the needs and interests of the participants, the software available, the operating system being used, and the grade level focus of participants.
  • If you have access to TextHelp Read&Write, it is better than ReadPlease.
  • KidBook is only suitable for K-3. Students any older than about 3rd grade will find the program too babyish.

Accessible Sites:

Accessibility Internet Rally (AIR) Award Winners:

RampWeb, Inc.:

Coefficient Designs:

Frog Design:

Additional Sites:

College of William and Mary:

Inaccessible Sites:

Amazon.com

Yahooligans

Google (Try typing in a search)

MSN

Instructions for Changing Web Browser Preferences

Internet Explorer

Do not load images:

  1. Click on Edit
  2. Click on Preferences
  3. Uncheck the box for Show Pictures
  4. Uncheck the box for Animate gifs

Reverse text and background colors:

  1. Click on Edit
  2. Click on Preferences
  3. Click on Text Color, change to White (with crayon selector)
  4. Click on Background Color, change to Black (with crayon selector)
  5. Uncheck box for Allow pages to specify color

Do not display frames and style sheets:

  1. Click on Edit
  2. Click on Preferences
  3. Uncheck box for Show Frames
  4. Uncheck box for Show Style Sheets

Website #1: ______

Browser / Aspects you Find Particularly Appealing / Aspects you find particularly easy to use / Aspects you find difficult to use / Potential barriers for people with disabilities
TRADITIONAL BROWSER
TRADITIONAL BROWSER, NO IMAGES
TRADITIONAL BROWSER, REVERSED COLORS
TRADITIONAL BROWSER, NO FRAMES

COMMENTS:

Website #2: ______

Browser / Aspects you Find Particularly Appealing / Aspects you find particularly easy to use / Aspects you find difficult to use / Potential barriers for people with disabilities
TRADITIONAL BROWSER
TRADITIONAL BROWSER, NO IMAGES
TRADITIONAL BROWSER, REVERSED COLORS
TRADITIONAL BROWSER, NO FRAMES

COMMENTS:

Website #3: ______

Browser / Aspects you Find Particularly Appealing / Aspects you find particularly easy to use / Aspects you find difficult to use / Potential barriers for people with disabilities
TRADITIONAL BROWSER
TRADITIONAL BROWSER, NO IMAGES
TRADITIONAL BROWSER, REVERSED COLORS
TRADITIONAL BROWSER, NO FRAMES

COMMENTS:

TREASURE ISLAND

PART ONE

The Old Buccaneer

1

The Old Sea-dog at the Admiral Benbow

SQUIRE TRELAWNEY, Dr. Livesey, and the rest of these gentlemen having asked me to write down the whole particulars about Treasure Island, from the beginning to the end, keeping nothing back but the bearings of the island, and that only because there is still treasure not yet lifted, I take up my pen in the year of grace 17__ and go back to the time when my father kept the Admiral Benbow inn and the brown old seaman with the sabre cut first took up his lodging under our roof.

I remember him as if it were yesterday, as he came plodding to the inn door, his sea-chest following behind him in a hand-barrow--a tall, strong, heavy, nut-brown man, his tarry pigtail falling over the shoulder of his soiled blue coat, his hands ragged and scarred, with black, broken nails, and the sabre cut across one cheek, a dirty, livid white. I remember him looking round the cover and whistling to himself as he did so, and then breaking out in that old sea-song that he sang so often afterwards:

"Fifteen men on the dead man's chest--

Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!"

in the high, old tottering voice that seemed to have been tuned and broken at the capstan bars. Then he rapped on the door with a bit of stick like a handspike that he carried, and when my father appeared, called roughly for a glass of rum. This, when it was brought to him, he drank slowly, like a connoisseur, lingering on the taste and still looking about him at the cliffs and up at our signboard.

"This is a handy cove," says he at length; "and a pleasant sittyated grog-shop. Much company, mate?"

My father told him no, very little company, the more was the pity.

"Well, then," said he, "this is the berth for me. Here you, matey," he cried to the man who trundled the barrow; "bring up alongside and help up my chest. I'll stay here a bit," he continued. "I'm a plain man; rum and bacon and eggs is what I want, and that head up there for to watch ships off. What you mought call me? You mought call me captain. Oh, I see what you're at-- there"; and he threw down three or four gold pieces on the threshold. "You can tell me when I've worked through that," says he, looking as fierce as a commander.

And indeed bad as his clothes were and coarsely as he spoke, he had none of the appearance of a man who sailed before the mast, but seemed like a mate or skipper accustomed to be obeyed or to strike. The man who came with the barrow told us the mail had set him down the morning before at the Royal George, that he had inquired what inns there were along the coast, and hearing ours well spoken of, I suppose, and described as lonely, had chosen it from the others for his place of residence. And that was all we could learn of our guest.