JOB and the PATRIARCHS

JOB and the PATRIARCHS

Duncan Heaster

Carelinks Publishing

PO Box 152, Menai NSW 2234 Australia

1. The Abraham family

1-1 The Abraham Family

1-2-1 TerahAnd Abram

1-2-2 The Call Of Abram

1-3-1 Moments Of Faith

1-3-2 "Even as Sarah..."

1-4 Joseph As A Type Of Christ

2. Jacob

2-1 Jacob Our Example

2-2 The Human Side Of Jacob

2-2-1 Jacob And Idolatry

2-2-2 Jacob, Rachel And Leah

2-2-3 The Weakness Of Jacob

2-3 Jacob And God

2-3-1 Jacob's Name Change

2-3-2 The Humility Of Jacob

2-3-3 Jacob's Perception Of God

2-3-4 The Love Of God For Jacob

2-3-5 Jacob And The God Of His Father: Christians And Parental Expectation

2-4 Jacob And The Promises

2-4-1 Jacob And The Promises

2-4-2 Jacob And Jesus

2-4-3 Jacob's Blessings Of His Sons

2-5 Jacob's Wrestling With God

2-6 Jacob And Imputed Righteousness

3. Job

3-1 Job: A Pattern Of Growth

3-1-1 Themes In Job

3-1-2 The Names Of God In Job

3-1-2-1 Job's Spiritual Growth

3-1-3 Allusions To Job In The New Testament

3-1-4 Job And David

3-1-5 Job And Christ

3-2 The Conversion Of Job

3-2-1 The Conversion Of Job

3-2-3 The Role Of Elihu In Job

3-3 Job In Other Scripture

3-3-1 Job In Other Scripture

3-3-2 Job As Priest

3-3-3 Job And Israel

3-3-4 Job as Adam

3-3-5 Job As Cain

3-3-6 Job And The Jews

3-3-7 Job and Jesus

3-3-8 Paul and Job

Chapter 1: THE ABRAHAM FAMILY

1.1 The Abraham Family

Repetition in the record

Throughout the records of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and his children there is continual repetition in the manner in which the record is written. This repetition is of both experiences (e.g. lying concerning their wives: 12:13; 20:3,13; 26:7) and of the language used to describe those experiences. Gen.39:1- 8 provides an example of this: " Joseph was brought down to Egypt...the Ishmeelites, which had brought him down thither...down to Egypt" (37:25). " The Lord was with Joseph...and his master saw that the Lord was with him" . " His master the Egyptian...his master" . " Joseph...was a prosperous man...the Lord made all that he did to prosper" . Potiphar " made him overseer over his house...from the time that he had made him overseer in his house" . " All that he had he put into his hand...over all that he had...the blessing of the Lord was upon all that he had...he left all that he had in Joseph's hand" . " His hand...into his hand...Joseph's hand...to my hand" . This kind of linguistic device suggests that the Spirit in Genesis is inviting us to observe the development of theme and to note emphasis. The above example from Joseph's life is one of many such sets of evidence.

The repetition of certain descriptions and common experiences in the lives of Abraham's family members is to enable us to build up a very clear picture of what they were like as people. We are being enabled to get to know them as a family. This is necessary for us if we are to realistically obey the New Testament commands to see Abraham and the patriarchs as our spiritual fathers, to model our daily walk upon them, to see in them the examples which should dominate our lives and thinking. The way the record repeats their similar experiences reveals certain family traits; the majority of which are negative . This takes some appreciating.

Lifting Up The Eyes

The Hebrew phrase "to lift up the eyes" is used very extensively about the Abraham family. Most Bible characters have the term used at most once or twice about them; but the Genesis record emphasizes this characteristic of this family. It's as if we're being bidden to really visualize them as a family, and to enable this we're even given an insight into their body language. Consider the emphasis on the way this family had of lifting up their eyes:

Lot lifted up his eyes (Gen. 13:10)

Abraham lifted up his eyes (Gen. 13:14)

Abraham lifted up his eyes and noticed the Angels (Gen. 18:2)

Abraham lifted up his eyes and saw the place of sacrifice (Gen. 22:4)

Abraham lifted up his eyes and saw the ram caught (Gen. 22:13)

Isaac lifted up his eyes and saw camels coming on which Rebekah was riding (Gen. 24:63)

Rebekah, as part of a marriage made in Heaven, lifted up her eyes and saw Isaac at the same moment (Gen. 24:64)

Jacob lifted up his eyes and saw the vision of the speckled cattle (twice recorded- Gen. 31:10,12)

Jacob lifted up his eyes and saw Esau coming (Gen. 33:1)

Esau lifted up his eyes and saw Jacob's family (Gen. 33:5)

Jacob's sons lifted up their eyes and saw the traders coming (Gen. 37:25)

Joseph lifted up his eyes and saw Benjamin (Gen. 43:29)

Of course the classic epitome of this feature is when Abraham lifts up his eyes to Heaven and is asked to count the stars, and there and then believes God's word of promise that "so shall thy seed be". Yet we , as Abraham's family, his children by faith, are likewise asked [with the same Hebrew words] to lift up our eyes to Heaven and consider the stars, and take strength from the fact that their creator is our God (Is. 40:26; 51:6; 60:4). In passing, the way the Lord Jesus had of lifting up His eyes was something which evidently struck the Gospel writers (Lk. 6:20; Jn. 6:5; 11:41; 17:1 cp. the emphasis upon the eyes of the risen Lord in Rev. 1:14; 2:18; 5:6; 19:12).

The weakness of the fathers

In my own thinking I've gone through at least three stages in trying to figure out the Abraham family. Initially I felt that every one of their actions was an expression of their faith in the promises, any apparently negative behaviour (e.g. going down to Egypt, lying about their wives) being explicable on the basis of prudence, men doing their human part while God did His (this is the view of Robert Roberts in The Ways of Providence ).

Reading Harry Whittaker's books on Abraham and Wrestling Jacob I came to conclude that the occasional negative behaviour was not morally justifiable; it was the down swing on the oscillating pendulum of their faith, and that out of weakness their faith was perfected by the end of their lives. This, of course, makes them truly our spiritual fathers.

Continued reading of the records brought me to a third stage; it is evident that the more sensitively we read the accounts, the more insight there is into the human weakness of the Abraham family. It is not just one or two isolated incidents that betray a possible weakness of faith (e.g. Abraham doubting that the promised seed would be born in 20:1-5). In almost every chapter of the record there is evidence of weakness as well as strength . The way in which faith triumphed over weakness is the great inspiration to us. The way in which the literary and linguistic style of the narrative forces us to tease out the weaknesses encourages our sense of familiarity and identification with the Abraham family. The style of the narrative also has the result of progressively opening up the weaknesses of the family the more we study it. For example, take a chapter like Gen.27 (re. Jacob's stealing of the birthright and blessing). Ask the question (preferably to a groupof Bible students) 'How many weaknesses do we see in Isaac, Jacob, Esau and Rebekah in this chapter?'. The list goes on and on and on, particularly as allusions to other Scripture are discerned (e.g. Rebekah and Jacob = Eve and Adam, dressing up in skins etc.). In other words, the human weakness of the patriarchs and thereby the intensity of their connection with us progressivelyopens up. This is why the weaknesses are not explicitly labelled in the narrative. A more complex literary style is employed which encourages our close and progressive identification with the Abraham family.

The weaknesses of the patriarchs provides great inspiration to our feeble faith when we consider how they are held up in such exalted terms. The geographical record of Abraham's entry to Canaan describes him as appearing at certain key points in the land. Those same areas became the key points in the conquest of the land in Joshua's time- it was as if Abraham was seen as the example for all Israel. Thus the people pitched "between Bethel and Ai, to the west of Ai" (Josh. 8:9,14)- the very expressions found about Abraham in Gen. 12:8. Israel, natural and spiritual, are bidden look to Abraham as the rock out of which they were hewn (Is. 51:1), to " walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham which he had...Abraham, who is the father of us all" (Rom.4:12,16). Heb.11:4-32 contains the record of faithful men, brought before us as examples to encourage and inspire. Yet 15 of those 28 verses are devoted to the Abraham family; this is quite some emphasis. The faith of Abraham is held up in Rom.4:16 as the ultimate definition of the faith which will characterize all those who attain salvation (see Greek text). The Spirit of God puts Abraham, Isaac and Jacob on a pedestal upon which no other mortals have been placed. This is undisputable. This makes the fact that their weaknesses are so emphasized such a wondrous encouragement! God really does stay with His weak , slow to learn children; He is the God of Abraham, of Isaac and (this is stressed statistically) of wayward, self-willed Jacob. Time and again throughout His self-revelation, God reminds us that He was their God, the One who stuck with them and out of weakness made them the strongest in faith. Quite rightly do we sing and rejoice that the God of Bethel is our God too.

The Abraham Family

And so now let's examine the Genesis record, noting the repetitions and sensing the emphases:

- Abraham married an attractive woman, Sarah; their son Isaac fell for good looking Rebekah; and their son Jacob married beauty queen Rachel. Little wonder that they produced handsome Joseph. This is quite some emphasis, considering the usual dearth of information in this area in the Biblical record. Surely we are being invited to picture a good looking family, with all the potential pride and self assurance associated with this.

- Perhaps this has something to do with another theme: envy. The Philistines envied Isaac (Gen.26:14); as (we can assume) Laban did Jacob; Rachel envied Leah (30:1); Joseph's brothers envied him (37:11; Acts 7:9). Family friction certainly stalked the generations. Jacob against Esau, Isaac against Jacob, Ishmael against Isaac, Sarah against Hagar, Joseph's brothers amongst themselves (Gen.45:24). Envy of Israel by the world and friction within Israel has been a continued characteristic (what similarities with spiritual Israel?). Yet there was also a soft streak there; Esau and Jacob evidently had a certain affection for each other and willingness to truly forgive (Esau more so than Jacob!); Abraham truly cared for lot's fate in Sodom on at least two occasions; and the brothers genuinely cared for Benjamin and the grief of their father.

- There was a definite trait of energy and industrious activity amongst them, indicated by the record of Rebekah running to respond to the call of Eleazer to marry Isaac(Gen.24:18,20,28,58). Laban too was spritely (Gen.24:29). And Abraham as an old boy ran to meet the Angels, he hastened into the tent, and personally ran unto the herd rather than wave his wand at the servants (or the wife) to do it (Gen.18:2,6,7). The way in which it is stressed that he got up early in the morning gives the same impression (19:27; 20:8; 21:14; 22:3; the same is said of Jacob, 28:18 and Laban, 31:55). The mixture of zeal and business acumen is reflected in the way both Abraham and Lot greeted the Angels in a similar, outgoing, gentlemanly manner (19:1-3 cp. 18:1-6). Note how Rebekah immediately says "I will go" (Heb. elek)- just as Abraham had been called to "go" from Ur (lek, Gen. 12:1); "and he went" (wayyelek, Gen. 12:4). This would seem to suggest an undesigned similarity of character between the family members.

- This zeal partly accounts for the family's considerable wealth. " Isaac sowed in that land, and received in the same year an hundredfold: and the Lord blessed him. And the man waxed great, and went forward, and grew until he became very great" (26:12,13) is quite some emphasis of the same point. Eleazer commented on Abraham's material wealth: " The Lord hath blessed my master greatly; and he is become great (note the repetition)" ; he then goes on to enumerate a long list of possessions: flocks, herds, silver, gold, menservants, maidservants, camels, asses. Truly " The Lord had blessed Abraham in all things" (24:1). This suggests that the patriarchs' material prosperity was a primary fulfillment of the Abrahamic blessing in their lifetime. Peter interprets the blessing as the forgiveness of sins (Acts 3:25,26). The stress on their material blessings therefore points forward to our spiritual riches of blessing in Christ. Even earlier in Abraham's life, " Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver and in gold" (13:1). Other references to Abraham's wealth occur in 13:6; 14:23. Jacob too was blessed with material wealth (31:16; 33:11 AVmg.). His parting with Esau because they were both so wealthy (36:7) echoes the division between Abraham and Lot and Abraham and Abimelech for the same reason (13:6). The similarities between these incidents serves to emphasize the wealth of the family. The prosperity of Lot in Sodom is also highlighted (14:12 Heb.). Each of them seems to have accumulated wealth in their own right in addition to inheriting it.

- Associated with this desire for the high life is the evident problem these men had with women. One man, one woman was the declared standard of God at this time. Adam, Noah, Noah's sons, Aaron, Moses were all one man: one woman cases. The patriarchs having more than one wife at a time sticks out like a sore thumb. Abraham's apparently casual relationship with Hagar, Judah's use of a harlot (apparently the sort of thing he often did), Esau's many carnal wives, Dinah's love affair, Reuben's incest (49:4)...all this creates a certain impression of weakness in this area. Joseph's evil report regarding his brothers may well have featured news of their playboy escapades while far away from usual family life (37:2 = 1 Sam.2:23,24). The repeated way in which they lied about their wives also indicates that they didn't take their marital responsibilities as they should have (12:13; 20:3,13; 26:7).

- Another recurrent weakness is the attempts by the patriarchs to as it were force God's hand when it came to which of their children should continue with the covenant blessings. As Abraham used his handmaid to try to produce the promised seed (Gen. 16:2), so Jacob, Rachel and Leah did. God had told Abraham clearly that the covenant would continue through Isaac rather than Ishmael, and that circumcision was the sign of that covenant; and yet Abraham remonstrates with God: "Oh that Ishmael might live before thee!" (Gen. 17:18), employing the idea of 'living before God' in a covenantal sense. When God again repeats His purpose with Isaac, Abraham goes and circumcises Ishmael, as if he was to still participate in the covenant God wished to continue through Isaac (Gen. 17:23). The fact that Abraham's circumcision of Ishmael is specifically recorded highlights his insistence on trying to make God's promises fulfil as he would like them to. Isaac did the same, insistent upon giving the covenant blessing to Esau rather than Jacob; Jacob likewise did something similar when he tried to reverse the blessing upon Ephraim and Manasseh (Gen. 48:18).

- One of the strongest family characteristics was fear, almost to the extent of psychiatric paranoia. Abraham (15:1; 20:11), Hagar (21:17), Lot (19:30), Sarah (18:15), Isaac (26:7,24; 31:42, 53, Jacob (32:7,11; 46:3; 28:17; 31:31), his sons (42:35; 43:18,23; 50:21), Joseph (42:18). This is really some emphasis. Fear and lack of faith are often associated (Dt.20:8; Jud.7:3; Mt. 25:25; Mk.4:40; Lk.12:32; Rom.8:15; Heb.13:6; 1 Jn.4:18; 2 Tim.1:7; Rev.21:8). Again, this list is impressive. Yet despite their fear, their lack of total certainty at times that God would keep His promises , the patriarchs are held up as examples of faith. If their fear had not been recorded, would the record of their faith mean much to us? Unlikely. They had so much which militated against a life of faith: by way of hereditary characteristic, surroundings, past experience of life etc. Both Isaac and Jacob feared they would die well before they did (47:9; 27:2); they feared death in that their future was ever on their mind. Yet evidently their fear was mixed with faith.

- Jacob's dishonesty was proverbial- Hos. 11:12; 12:2-6 charge Israel with continuing the family characteristic of Jacob by being deceitful and untruthful. Abraham and Jacob especially were characterized by great dishonesty.

- It is possible to construct graphs of faith for Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Put time along the bottom and faith up the side. Go through the records and give them a mark out of ten for faith in each incident of the narrative. The graphs go up and down like yo-yos, but steady out over time.