Grade Nine Exam Review

Part A: Ecology

1. Define the following terms:

Ecosystem
food chain, food web
habitat
biosphere
niche
sustainablity
biomagnification
biome
limiting factor / predation
commensalism
mutualism
symbiosis
competition
eutrophication
ecological footprint
carrying capacity / species
producer
primary consumers
detritivore
secondary consumer
decomposer
invasive species

2. In the Carbon cycle, which processes add carbon dioxide to the air? Which processes remove carbon from the air?

3. In the Nitrogen cycle, how can N2 gas be converted into ammonia abiotically? Biotically?

What is the concentration of Nitrogen in our air?

Why is nitrogen essential in our bodies?

What is nitrogen fixation?

4. List the soil layers in the correct order from the top downward. How do the layers differ from each other?

5. What are the indicators of water quality?

6. Sustainable harvests of fish and other organisms are important to the survival of the species. What factors will ensure this?

7. What is the largest type of ecosystem? What is the smallest type of ecosystem?

8. What are the many problems that plastic garbage causes in the oceans.

9. If 10 000kJ of energy is available at the first level of four levels in an ecological pyramid, how much energy is available for the other three levels? Draw the pyramid.

10. Decide whether each of the following are true of the Carbon Cycle or the Nitrogen cycle. Place a checkmark in the appropriate column. Some may refer to both cycles.

Carbon Cycle / Nitrogen Cycle
Bacteria are essential
The concentration of the gas is very high in our atmosphere
Requires sunlight
Forests provide a reservoir or sink
Required for protein synthesis
Provides the element that makes up most of our bodies
Photosynthesis and respiration are important processes
Legumes contain nodules that are important

11. Create a food web that has four trophic levels. Clearly label your web.

12. Invasive species are species that are not native to a habitat. They have few natural predators.

a) What would you expect to happen to the population of an invasive species over a few years?

b) How is an invasive species likely to influence other species and the natural ecosystem?

c) What can and should be done about invasive species?

13. Describe the interaction between predator and prey populations over a period of several years.

14. Name some biotic limiting factors. Name some abiotic limiting factors.

Part 2: Chemistry

1. Define the following words:

matter
element
molecule
compound
mixture
proton
neutron
electron / colour
lustre
viscosity
conductivity
density
clarity
crystal shape / mechanical mixture
solution
pure substance
physical property
chemical property
malleability
ductility

What is the particle theory of matter?

2. What are the 5 clues that a chemical change may have occurred?

3. Describe Dalton’s atomic model. Describe Thompson’s atomic model.

4. Complete the following chart:

Element / Atomic number / Atomic mass / # of protons / # of electrons / # of neutrons
Hydrogen
Phosphorous
oxygen

5. What are the characteristics of metals, nonmetals, metalloids, alkali metals, noble gases?

6. Where do we find the halogens, noble gases, alkaline earth metals, alkali metals in the periodic table? What do groups of elements have in common?

7. Where are the metals, non metals and metalloids found on the periodic table?

8. Describe the location and the charge of each of the subatomic particles. (electron neutron, proton)

9. Think of a n example of a compound, an element, a solution, a mechanical mixture that you might find in your garage or a bathroom.

10. Determine whether the following are chemical or physical changes and give evidence.

Chemical or Physical change? / Evidence
Snow melts
Paper burns
Metal rusts
You write on a wall
Magnesium ribbon bubbles in HCl
A precipitate is formed

11. Draw Bohr-Rutherford diagrams for Carbon, Magnesium, Lithium

12. What information can you obtain from the periodic table? Can you think of 8 things you can know about an element just from the periodic table?

13. List several items that you have used today. List several properties that make these items useful.

14. What are the differences between a metal, a nonmetal, a metalloid and a noble gas?

Part 3: Space

1. Define the following words:

nebula
planet
corona
photosphere
chromosphere / celestial body
supernova
red giant
spectrum
spectral lines
light year / galaxy
astronomical unit (AU)
Earth's rotation
Earth's revolution
meteor
comet

2. Name the planets in order from the sun.

3. How does the Sun produces energy?

4. Where are all stars “born”?

5. What colour is the hottest star? The coolest star?

6. Where is the “Asteroid Belt” located?

7. What is our year based on?

8. How are the inner planets different from the outer planets?

9. What is the largest planet? Which is the coldest planet? Which planets are the most alike?

10. Use the planisphere to determine:

a)  what constellation is rising on January 27 at midnight?

b)  what constellation is setting on January 27 at midnight?

c)  what constellation is low on the Southern horizon on January 27 at midnight?

d)  what constellation is low on the Northern horizon on January 27 at midnight?

e)  on what date Cassiopeia is shaped like a “W”at midnight

11. Make a list of some of the risks and benefits of space exploration.

12. What happens when a star becomes a red giant?

13. What are the different shapes that galaxies may have?

14. What determines the life cycle of a star?

15. How did Hubble determine that galaxies were moving away from us?

16. Describe the life cycle of a small, medium and large mass star.

17. Spectral shifting is the change in position of spectral lines to the left or the right from where they would appear if the observed object was not moving.

What direction are star a#1 and #2 moving?

Part 4: Electricity

1. Define the following words:

static electricity
friction
current electricity
resistance
load / current
Ohms
parallel circuit
series circuit
source / induction
conduction
amperes (amps)
voltage
volts

2. State the Law of Attraction and the Law of repulsion.

3. Choose a substance that will become negatively charged when rubbed with silk.

4. Choose a substance that will become positively charged when rubbed with silk.

5. Glass and rubber are rubbed together. Describe the charges on each material.

6. Explain why a charged balloon sticks to an uncharged wall.

7. A negative rod is used to charge on an object by conduction. Where do the electrons move from/to?

8. What units are used to measure resistance, voltage and current?

9. What will happen to the brightness of a first bulb if a second light bulb is added in parallel?

10. Two light bulbs, A and B, are connected in a series circuit to a dry cell. The switch is closed. If bulb
B burns out, what will happen to bulb A?

11. If we connect four 9V cells in series, what will their total voltage equal?

Use the GRASP method to answer the following questions.

12. What is the resistance of a hairdryer plugged into a 120V outlet with a 10A current flowing through it?

13. What is the operating voltage of an air conditioner that has a resistance of 15 Ω and a current of 80A flowing through it?

14. What is the current that flows through a circuit composed of a 6V battery and a light bulb with a resistance of 2Ω?

Draw the following circuit diagrams:

15. Two cells in series (label the positive and negative terminal), one closed switch and two motors wired in series.

16. Two cells connected in parallel, a closed switch and 2 light bulbs connected in parallel. Add an ammeter to measure the current in the circuit, and a voltmeter to measure the potential difference across one of the light bulbs.

17. Draw a series of diagrams to show the charging of an electroscope positively by conduction, and negatively by conduction.

18. Explain the reasons for each of the following safety rules:

a)  Do not poke a knife into a plugged-in toaster to clear out bread crumbs.

b)  Avoid using an extension cord that is thinner than the cord you are attaching to it.

c)  When disconnecting an appliance, pull the plug, not the cord.

d)  Do not plug many electrical cords into one outlet.

e)  Do not use a kite, stick, pole, etc. close to an overhead wire.

f)  Make sure your hands are dry before touching any electrical device, cord, plug, socket.

g)  Never use a frayed electrical cord.

19. Describe how the relative position of a material on the electrostatic series determines the strength of the charges gained through friction. i.e. compare the strength of the charges on cotton when it is rubbed with gold to when it is rubbed with acetate. Explain why this is so.