Appendix 1. Socioecological trajectory table and references for Andropogongayanus. Scoring of impacts, values and trajectories are provided in Table 2.
REFERENCES – Andropogongayanus
Adams VMSetterfield SA (2013) Estimating the financial risks of Andropogongayanus to greenhouse gas abatement projects in northern Australia. Environmental Research Letters8: 025018.
Brooks KJ, Setterfield SA Douglas MM (2010) Exotic grass invasions: applying a conceptual framework to the dynamics of degradation and restoration in Australia's tropical savannas. Restoration Ecology18: 188-197.
Commonwealth of Australia (2012) Background: Threat abatement plan to reduce the impacts on northern Australia's biodiversity by the five listed grasses. Canberra, Australia.
Csurhes SHannan-Jones M (2008) Pest plant risk assessment. Gamba grass Andropogongayanus. Queensland Government Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries. Brisbane, Australia.
Ferdinands K, Setterfield M, Douglas M Barratt J (2006) Africanising the tropical woodlands: canopy loss and tree death following gamba grass (Andropogongayanus) invasion. Proceedings of the 15th Australian Weeds Conference(eds. C. Preston, J.H. Watts and N.D. Crossman), p 95. Weed Management Society of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
Lemcke BG Cameron AG (2006) Management of Kent Gamba Grass. Northern Territory Government Agnote No. E18.
Northern Territory Government Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport (2009) Gamba grass in the NT: a summary of current knowledge.
Parr CL, Ryan BJSetterfield SA (2010) Habitat complexity and invasive species: the impacts of gamba grass (Andropogongayanus) on invertebrates in an Australian Tropical Savanna. Biotropica42: 688-696.
Petty AM, Setterfield SA, Ferdinands KB Barrow P(2012) Inferring habitat suitability and spread patterns from large-scale distributions of an exotic invasive pasture grass in north Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology49: 742-752.
Rossiter NA (2001) Comparing ecophysiology and fire ecology of native and exotic savanna grasses. Thesis. Northern Territory University, Darwin, Australia.
Rossiter NA, Setterfield SA, Douglas MM & Hutley LB (2003) Testing the grass‐fire cycle: alien grass invasion in the tropical savannas of northern Australia. Diversity and Distributions9: 169-176.
Rossiter –Rachor NA, Setterfeld SA, Douglas MM, Hutley LB, Cook GD Schmidt S (2009) Invasive Andropogongayanus (gamba grass) is an ecosystem transformer of nitrogen relations in Australian savanna. Ecological Applications19: 1546-1560.
Setterfield SA, Douglas MM, Hutley LB Welch MA (2005) Effects of canopy cover and ground disturbance on establishment of an invasive grass in an Australia savanna. Biotropica37: 25-31.
Setterfield SA, Rossiter‐Rachor NA, Hutley LB, Douglas MM & Williams RJ (2010) Biodiversity research: turning up the heat: the impacts of Andropogongayanus (gamba grass) invasion on fire behaviour in northern Australian savannas. Diversity and Distributions16: 854-861.
Setterfield SA, Rossiter-Rachor NA, Douglas MM, Wainger L, Petty AM, Barrow P, Shepherd IJFerdinands KB (2013) Adding fuel to the fire: the impacts of non-native grass invasion on fire management at a regional scale. PLOS ONE8: e59144.
Appendix 2. Socioecological trajectory table and references for Cenchrusciliaris.
REFERENCES – Cenchrusciliaris
Bhattarai SP, Fox J Gyasi-Agyei Y (2008) Enhancing buffel grass seed germination by acid treatment for rapid vegetation establishment on railway batters.Journal of Arid Environments72: 255-262.
Cavaye J (1991)Buffel book: a guide to buffelgrass pasture development in Queensland. Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries.
Dixon IR, Dixon KW & Barrett M (2002) Eradication of buffel grass (Cenchrusciliaris) on Airlie Island, Pilbara Coast, Western Australia. Turning the tide: eradication of invasive species. International Union for the Conservation of Nature SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 92-101.
FairfaxRJ & Fensham RJ (2000) The effect of exotic pasture development on floristic diversity in central Queensland, Australia. Biological Conservation94: 11-21.
Fensham RJ, Donald S & Dwyer JM (2013) Propagule pressure, not fire or cattle grazing, promotes invasion of buffel grass Cenchrusciliaris. Journal of Applied Ecology50: 138-146.
Grice AC, Friedel MH, Marshall NA & Van Klinken RD (2012) Tackling contentious invasive plant species: a case study of buffel grass in Australia. Environmental Management49: 285-294.
JacksonJ (2005) Is there a relationship between herbaceous species richness and buffel grass (Cenchrusciliaris)? Austral Ecology30: 505-517.
Ludwig J & Tongway D (2002) Clearing savannas for use as rangelands in Queensland: altered landscapes and water-erosion processes. The Rangeland Journal24: 83-95.
Marshall VM, Lewis MM & Ostendorf B (2012) Buffel grass (Cenchrusciliaris) as an invader and threat to biodiversity in arid environments: a review.Journal of Arid Environments78: 1-12.
Miller G, Friedel M, Adam P & Chewings V (2010) Ecological impacts of buffel grass (Cenchrusciliaris L.) invasion in central Australia–does field evidence support a fire-invasion feedback?.The Rangeland Journal32: 353-365.
Smyth A, Friedel M & O'Malley C (2009) The influence of buffel grass (Cenchrusciliaris) on biodiversity in an arid Australian landscape. The Rangeland Journal31: 307-320.
Thompson P Thompson N (2009) Zero-tilling to renovate buffel grass and'the tip of the iceberg'-carbon sequestration under pastures.Tropical Grasslands 43:217-219.
Tothill JC, McDonald CK, McHarg GW & Hargreaves JNG (2008a) Development options in Heteropogoncontortus grasslands in south-east Queensland: Tree killing, legume oversowing and pasture replacement. 1. Pasture production and composition.Tropical Grasslands42: 129-151.
Tothill JC, McDonald CK, McHarg GW & Hargreaves JNG (2008b) Development options in Heteropogoncontortus grasslands in south-east Queensland: tree killing, legume oversowing and pasture replacement. 2. Animal production.Tropical Grasslands42: 152-169.
Appendix 3. Socioecological trajectory table and references for Eragrostiscurvula.
REFERENCES – Eragrostiscurvula
AuldBA & Scarsbrick BD (1970) Chloromelaslovegrass in the Tenterfield area of New South Wales. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 36: 296-7.
Campbell MH (1983) Area, distribution and weed potential of Eragrostiscurvula (Schrad.) Nees in New South Wales. Australian Weeds2: 107-112.
Campbell MH, Dellow JJ, Keys MJ & Gilmour AR (1985) Use of herbicides for selective removal of Eragrostiscurvula (Schrad.) Nees from a Phalarisaquatica pasture. Animal Production Science25: 665-671.
Campbell MH, Kemp HW, Murison RD, Dellow JJ & Ridings H (1987) Use of herbicides for selective removal of Eragrostiscurvula (Schrad.) Nees from a Pennisetumclandestinum pasture. Animal Production Science27: 359-365.
Coutts SR, Yokomizo H & Buckley YM (2013) The behavior of multiple independent managers and ecological traits interact to determine prevalence of weeds. Ecological Applications23: 523-536.
Environment ACT (2005) National Recovery Plan for Natural Temperate Grassland of the Southern Tablelands (NSW and ACT): an endangered ecological community. Environment ACT, Canberra.
Farrington P (1973) The seasonal growth of lovegrass (Eragrostiscurvula) on deep sandy soils in a semi-arid environment. Animal Production Science13: 383-388.
Firn J (2009) African lovegrass in Australia: a valuable pasture species or embarrassing invader?Tropical Grasslands43: 86-97.
Johnston WH (1988) Palatability to sheep of the Eragrostiscurvula complex. 2. Selection of palatable taxa. Animal Production Science28: 47-52.
Johnston WH (1989a) Palatability to sheep of the Eragrostiscurvula complex. 4. Dry matter production, feed value and persistence of a range of taxa. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture29: 533-540.
Johnston WH (1989b) Consollovegrass (Eragrostiscurvula complex) controls spiny burrgrass (Cenchrusspp.) in south-western New South Wales. Animal Production Science29: 37-42.
Johnston WH & Cregan PD (1979) The pastoral and soil conservation potential of Eragrostiscurvulain semi-arid New South Wales. Proceedings of the 7th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society, pp. 161-164.
Johnston WH, Cornish PSShoemark VF (2005) Eragrostiscurvula (Schrad.) Nees. complex pastures in southern New South Wales, Australia: a comparison with Medicago sativa L. and Phalarisaquatica L. pastures under rotational grazing.Animal Production Science45: 401-420.
Johnston WH, Koe TB Shoemark VF (2002) Water use, competition, and a temperate-zone C4 grass (Eragrostiscurvula (Schrad.) Nees. Complex) cv. Consol. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research53: 715-7
McFarland JB & Mitchell R (2000) Fire effects on weeping lovegrass tiller density and demographics. Agronomy Journal92: 42-47.
Milberg P & Lamont BB (1995) Fire enhances weed invasion of roadside vegetation in southwestern Australia. Biological Conservation73: 45-49.
Muranaka T & Washitani I (2004) Aggressive invasion of Eragrostiscurvla in gravelly floodplains of Japanese rivers: current status, ecological effects and countermeasures. Global Environmental Research8: 155-162.
Muyt A (2001) Bush Invaders of South-East Australia: a guide to the identification and control of environmental weeds found in South-East Australia. R.G. and F.J. Richardson, Meredith, Victoria.
Robinson GG & Whalley RDB (1991) Competition among three agronomic types of the Eragrostiscurvula (Schrad.) Nees complex and three temperate pasture grasses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Crop and Pasture Science42: 309-316.
Sandral GA, Dear BS, Virgona JM, Swan AD & Orchard BA (2006) Changes in soil water content under annual-and perennial-based pasture systems in the wheatbelt of southern New South Wales. Crop and Pasture Science57: 321-333.
Zeid M,Echenique V, Díaz M, Pessino S & Sorrells ME (2011) Eragrostis. In Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources, pp. 135-151. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Appendix 4. Socioecological trajectory table and references for Hyparrheniahirta.
REFERENCES – Hyparrheniahirta
Chejara VK, Kristiansen P, Sindel BM, Whalley RDB & Nadolny C (2012) Seed-bank and seedling dynamics in Hyparrheniahirta are influenced by herbicide application and mowing management.The Rangeland Journal34: 199-210.
Chejara VK, Nadolny C, Kristiansen P, Whalley RBD & Sindel BM (2006) Impacts of Hyparrheniahirta (L.) Stapf (Coolatai grass) on native vegetation in a travelling stock route in Northern New South Wales. 15th Australian Weeds Conference Proceedings: managing weeds in a changing climate (eds. C. Preston, J.H. Watts and N.D. Crossman), pp. 207-210. Weed Management Society of SA Inc.
Lodge GM, McCormick LH & Harden S (2006) Grazing studies of a Hyparrheniahirta (Coolatai grass) pasture in northern New South Wales.Animal Production Science45: 1603-1611.
Lodge GM, McMillan MG, McCormickLH & Cook AS (1994) Effects of glyphosate, flupropanate and 2, 2-DPA on Hyparrheniahirta (L.) Stapf (Coolatai grass).Animal Production Science34: 479-485.
McArdle SL, Nadolny CSindel BM (2004) Invasion of native vegetation by Coolatai grass Hyparrheniahirta: impacts on native vegetation and management implications.Pacific Conservation Biology10: 49.
McCormick LH Lodge GM (1991) Coolatai grass – friend or foe? New South Wales Agriculture and Fisheries, Ag Note, Reg. 2/015.
Nadolny C (1998) Towards integrating farming and conservation: the role of native pastures.Pacific Conservation Biology4: 70.
New South Wales Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services (2012) Coolatai grass. Primefact no. 12/129.
Appendix5. Socioecological trajectory table and references for Nassellaneesiana.
REFERENCES – Nassellaneesiana
Beames L, Hocking C & Wlodarczyk P (2005) Best practise management of Chilean needle grass (Nassellaneesiana) in conservation reserves-the seedbank story. Plant Protection Quarterly20: 2.
Faithfull I, Hocking C & McLaren D (2008a). An investigation of the effects of disturbance on the establishment of Nassellaneesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth (Poaceae) in an Australian native grassland. Proceedings of the 16th Australian Weeds Conference, Cairns Convention Centre, North Queensland, Australia, 18-22 May, 2008; pp. 202-204. Queensland Weed Society.
Faithfull I, Hocking C & McLaren D (2008b). A preliminary assessment of the composition and cover of vascular plants associated with patches of Nassellaneesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth (Poaceae) in an Australian native grassland. Proceedings of the 16th Australian Weeds Conference, Cairns Convention Centre, North Queensland, Australia, 18-22 May, 2008; pp. 206-208. Queensland Weed Society.
Faithfull IG, Hocking C & McLaren DA (2012) Managing native grasslands to minimise invasion by Chilean needle grass (Nassellaneesiana). Developing solutions to evolving weed problems. 18th Australasian Weeds Conference, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8-11 October 2012; pp. 59-62. Weed Science Society of Victoria Inc..
Faithfull IG, Hocking C, McLaren DA & Zydenbos SM (2010) Chilean needle grass (Nassellaneesiana) in the native grasslands of south-eastern Australia: biodiversity effects, invasion drivers and impact mechanisms. Papers and Proceedings 17th Australasian Weeds Conference; pp. 431-434.
Gardener MR, Sindel BM, Whalley RBD,Earl JM (2005) Can Nassellaneesiana, Chilean needle grass, be incorporated into a grazing management system in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly20: 36-40.
Gardener MR, Whalley RDB & Sindel BM (2003) Ecology of Nassellaneesiana, Chilean needle grass, in pastures on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. I. Seed production and dispersal. Crop and Pasture Science54: 613-619.
Gaur SK, McLaren DA, Butler KL, Bonilla J, Preston C, Watts JH & Crossman ND (2006) Broadacre chemical control for Chilean needle grass infestations. Proceedings of the 15th Australian Weeds Conference, Adelaide, Australia; pp. 864-867.
Grech CJ, McLaren DA, Lowien J, McWhirter L, Butler KL & Sindel BM (2014a) Assessment of management options for Chilean needle grass in sheep‐grazing systems.Grass and Forage Science69: 119-128.
Grech CJ, McLaren DA, Lowien J, McWhirter L, Butler KL & Sindel BM (2014b). Effects of flupropanate application on bare ground and broadleaf weeds when used to control Chilean needle grass in introduced pastures. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research57: 100-109.
Grech CJ, McLaren DA & Sindel BM (2008) Chilean needle grass-three years of best practice management. Proceedings of the 16th Australian Weeds Conference, Cairns Convention Centre, North Queensland, Australia, 18-22 May, 2008. Queensland Weed Society.
Lunt ID & Morgan JW (2000) Can competition from Themedatriandra inhibit invasion by the perennial exotic grass Nassellaneesiana in native grasslands? Plant Protection Quarterly15: 92-94.
McLaren DA, Morfe TA & Weiss J (2002) Distribution, economic impact and attitudes towards Chilean needlegrass (Nassellaneesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth) in Australia. Plant Protection Society of Western Australia, Perth, pp. 749-52.
McLaren DA, Stajsic V & Iaconis L (2004) The distribution, impacts and identification of exotic stipoid grasses in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly19: 59-66.
Richter A, Osborne W, Hnatiuk S & Rowell A (2013) Moths in fragments: insights into the biology and ecology of the Australian endangered golden sun moth Synemonplana (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in natural temperate and exotic grassland remnants. Journal of Insect Conservation17: 1093-1104.
Snell KGrech C (2008) Three steps to successful management of Chilean needle grass (Nassellaneesiana). Proceedings of the 16th Australian Weeds Conference, Cairns Convention Centre, North Queensland, Australia, 18-22 May, 2008. Queensland Weed Society.
Snell K, Grech C & Davies J (2007) Chilean needle grass National Best Practice Management Manual. Victorian State Government Department of Primary Industries, Victoria.
Tooth IM & Leishman MR (2013) Post‐fire resprouting responses of native and exotic grasses from Cumberland Plain Woodland (Sydney, Australia) under elevated carbon dioxide. Austral Ecology38: 1-10.
Appendix 6. Socioecological trajectory table and references for Nassellatrichotoma.
REFERENCES – Nassellatrichotoma
Auld BACoote BG (1981) Prediction of pasture invasion by Nassellatrichotoma (Gramineae) in south east Australia. Protection Ecology3: 271–277.
Badgery WB, Kemp DR, Michalk DL & King WM (2001) Community structure of serrated tussock (Nassellatrichotoma) infested grasslands. Proceedings of the XIX International Grassland Congress, Grassland ecosystems an outlook into the 21st century (eds. J.A. Gomide, W.R.S. Mattos, and S.C. da Silva, p. 963. Sao Pedro, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Badgery WB, Kemp DR, Michalk DL & KingWMCG (2005) Competition for nitrogen between Australian native grasses and the introduced weed Nassellatrichotoma. Annals of Botany96: 799-809.
Badgery WB, Kemp DR, Michalk DL & King WM (2008) Studies of competition between Nassellatrichotoma (Nees) Hack. exArechav.(serrated tussock) and native pastures. 1. Adult plants. Crop and Pasture Science59: 226-236.
Campbell MH (1998) Biological and ecological impact of serrated tussock (Nassellatrichotoma (Nees.) Arech.) on pasture in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly13: 80–86.
Campbell MH, Gilmour AR & Vere DT (1979) Effects of time and rate of application of herbicides on serrated tussock (Nassellatrichotoma) and improved pasture species. 2. Tetrapion. Animal Production Science19: 476-480.
Campbell MH & Murison RD (1985) Effect of mixtures of tetrapion and 2, 2-DPA on the control of serrated tussock (Nassellatrichotoma). Animal Production Science25: 672-676.
CampbellMH & Irvine JH (1966) Block supplementation of sheep grazing a serrated tussock (Nassellatrichotoma)—sown pasture association. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales77: 564–571.
Campbell MH & Vere DT (1995) Nassellatrichotoma (Nees) Arech. The biology of Australian weeds1: 189-202.
Cowan TF, Sindel BM, Jessop RS & Browning JE (2007) Mapping the distribution and spread of Nassellatrichotoma (serrated tussock) with a view to improving detectability, containment and eradication. Crop Protection26: 228-231.
Graham S (2013)Three cooperative pathways to solving a collective weed management problem. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management20: 116-129.
Jones RE, Vere DT & Campbell MH (2000) The external costs of pasture weed spread: an economic assessment of serrated tussock control. Agricultural Economics22: 91-103.
Michalk D, Kemp D, Campbell M & McLaren DA (1999) Control of serrated tussock–problems in developing IWM systems. Proceedings of the 12th Australian Weeds Conference (eds. A.C. Bishop, M. Boersma & C.D. Barnes), pp. 20-24. Hobart, Tasmania.
Osmond R, Veebeek M, McLaren DA, Michelmore M, Wicks B, Grech CJ & Fullerton P (2008) Serrated tussock – National best practice manual. Victorian Department of Primary Industries.
Vere DT, Auld BA & CampbellMH (1993) Economic assessments of serrated tussock (Nassellatrichotoma) as a pasture weed. Weed Technology7: 776-782.
Watt MS, Kriticos DJ, Lamoureaux SL & Bourdôt GW (2011) Climate change and the potential global distribution of serrated tussock (Nassellatrichotoma). Weed Science59: 538-545.
Appendix 7. Socioecological trajectory table and references for Phalarisaquatica.
REFERENCES – Phalarisaquatica
Bourke CA & Carrigan MJ (1992) Mechanisms underlying Phalarisaquatica “sudden death” syndrome in sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal69: 165-167.
Bourke CA, Rendell D & Colegate SM (2003) Clinical observations and differentiation of the peracutePhalarisaquatica poisoning syndrome in sheep known as Polioencephalo‐malacia‐like sudden death'. Australian Veterinary Journal81: 698-700.
Culvenor RA (2001) Comparison of four phalaris cultivars under grazing: drought survival and subsequent performance under rotational grazing versus set stocking.Animal Production Science40: 1047-1058.
Culvenor RA & Simpson RJ (2014) Persistence traits in perennial pasture grasses: the case of phalaris (Phalarisaquatica L.). Crop and Pasture Science65: 1165-1176.
Dolling PJ (2001) Water use and drainage under phalaris, annual pasture, and crops on a duplex soil in Western Australia.Crop and Pasture Science52: 305-316.
Garden DL, Ellis NJS, Rab MA, Langford CM, Johnston WH, Shields C, Murphy T, Holmberg M, Dassanayake KB & Harden S (2003) Fertiliser and grazing effects on production and botanical composition of native grasslands in south-east Australia. Animal Production Science43: 843-859.
Groves RH, Hosking, JR, Batianoff GN, Cooke DA, CowieID, Johnson RW, Keighery GJ,Lepschi BJ, Mitchell AA, Moerkerk M, Randall RP, Rozefelds AC, Walsh NG & Waterhouse BM (2003) Weed categories for natural and agricultural ecosystem management. Canberra, Australia: Bureau of Rural Sciences.
Hill JO, Simpson RJ, Wood JT, Moore AD & Chapman DF (2005) The phosphorus and nitrogen requirements of temperate pasture species and their influence on grassland botanical composition. Crop and Pasture Science56: 1027-1039.
Johnston WH, Garden DL, Rančić A, Koen TB, Dassanayake KB, Langford CM, Ellis NJS, Rab MA, Tuteja NK, Mitchell M, Wadsworth J, Dight D, Holbrook K, LeLievre R &McGeoch SM (2003) The impact of pasture development and grazing on water-yielding catchments in the Murray–Darling Basin in south-eastern Australia. Animal Production Science43: 817-841.
Lodge GM, Brennan MA, Harden SBoschma SP (2010) Changes in soil water content under annual, perennial, and shrub-based pastures in an intermittently dry, summer-rainfall environment. Crop and Pasture Science61: 331-342.
Morgan JW (1998) Patterns of invasion of an urban remnant of a species‐rich grassland in southeastern Australia by non‐native plant species. Journal of Vegetation Science9: 181-190.
Muyt (2001) Bush invaders of south-east Australia. RG and FJ Richardson: Meredith, Victoria.
Oram RN, Ferreira V, Culvenor RA, Hopkins AA & Stewart A (2009) The first century of PhalarisaquaticaL. cultivation and genetic improvement: a review. Crop and Pasture Science60: 1-15.
Reed KFM (2014) Perennial pasture grasses - an historical review of their introduction, use and development for southern Australia. Crop and Pasture Science65: 691-712.
Ridley AM, Avery AL, Oram RN, Hunter J, Shovelton JB, Mahoney GP & Müller WJ (2003) Long-term persistence of aluminium-tolerant and sensitive Phalaris lines on acidic soils and associated changes in soil acidity. Animal Production Science42: 1033-1042.
Semple WS & Koen TB (2003) Effect of pasture type on regeneration of eucalypts in the woodland zone of south-eastern Australia. Cunninghamia8: 76-84.
Stoner J, Adams R Simmons D (2005) Invasive perennial grass weeds: a new fuel type? Plant Protection Quarterly 20: 21.
Appendix 8. Socioecological trajectory table and references for Urochloamutica.
REFERENCES – Urochloamutica
Bayliss P, Bellairs SM, Manning J, Pfitzner K, Smith H, Gardener M & Calvert G (2006)The impact of uncontrolled weeds on the rehabilitation success of Nabarlek uranium mine in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Proceedings of the 15th Australian Weeds Conference(eds C. Preston, J.H. Watts N.D. Crossman),pp. 305-8.