Compare & Contrast Historic and Contemporary Theories

Intelligence

Key Terms:

Intelligence- Mental quality involving skill at information processing learning from experience, problem solving, and adapting to new changing environments.

Emotional Intelligence(Daniel Golman, Peter Salovey, John Mayer)- The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate ones emotions.

Information Processing- Theory that attempts to understand intelligence by the mental operations involved in intelligent behavior.

Compare & Contrast historic and contemporary theories:

Charles Spearman- Noticed scores on almost all tests of cognitive abilities positively correlated.

oCorrelations were created by general cognitive ability called g (general intelligence)

L.L Thurstone- Used “Factor Analysis” to analyze correlations among being measured by those tests (did not reveal a single g factor).

oInstead Thurstone found multiple relatively independent “primary mental abilities.”

ocriticized spearman’s mathematical methods

Robert Steinberg- Triarchic Theory

o3 types:

Analytic- academic problem solving

Creative- reacting adaptively to novel situations

Practical- “street smarts”

Howard Gardner- Multiple Intelligence Theory (MI)

oAll people possess a number of intellectual potentials (intelligences), each of which involves a different set of skills.

Daniel Gordman, Peter Salovey, and John D. Mayor- Were three major figures that were pioneers in Emotional intelligence.

How Psychologists Design Tests Including Standardization and Other Techniques:

Alfred Binet- Designed test to look for reasoning, thinking, and problem-solving.

Lewis Terman- Adopted and revised Binets test “Stanford- Binet” test.

(mental age)

(chronological age)X 100 = IQ

David Wechsler- Founded several very important intelligence tests in the 1940’s & early 1950’s. Developed the Wechsler Intelligence scale for children and the Wechsler intelligence scale for adults. Developed new tests to improve on old tests in 3 key ways:

oIncluded both verbal and nonverbal subtests

oSuccess depended loss on having formal schooling

oEach subtests scored separately

Special versions were developed for Adults

oNoted for his use of Deviation Quotient (DQ). His deviation quotient replaced the mental age method of previous tests to determine IQ.

oFelt that Spearman’s definition of General intelligence was too narrow and comprised his scores of four different areas.

1.Comprehension- Similarities, vocabulary and comprehension activities.

2.Perceptual Reasoning- Matrix reasoning, block design and picture concepts.

3.Working Memory- Letter-number sequencing and digit-span.

4.Processing Speed- Symbol search and coding

Intelligence Tests Today:

oIQ score is no longer determined by dividing mental age with chronological age.

o Updated versions of Stanford- Binet and Wechsler tests are most commonly used.

oUpdated versions of Wechsler’s tests are the WISC-IV and WAIS-III tests that are used today.

Multiple intelligences Theory

Howard Garner believed he had a wide range of cognitive abilities.

logical

spatial

linguistic

body kinesthetic

musical

interpersonal

intrapersonal

naturalistic

existential

Jake: multiple intell put a little together

Sammy: put together.

Jon: terms, tests

Anthony: people