Brook BW, Sodhi NS, Ng PKL (2003) Catostrophic Extinctions Follow Deforestation in Singapore
SOI Table 1. A summary of data-driven case studies of ecosystem service provision and associated factors conducted in Singapore.
Ecosystem service / Key finding / ReferenceProvisioning
Agriculture / Various statistics on pre-Independence agricultural land use and production / Dobby 1940
Agriculture / Statistics on consumption of locally produced agricultural products / Hill 1980
Agriculture / Statistics on agricultural production and consumption / AVA 2015
Agriculture / Statistics on agricultural production / Khan 1988
Aquaculture / Statistics on aquacultural production and consumption / Chou & Lee 1996
Aquaculture / Statistics on aquacultural production and reasons for increase / FAO 1976
Fishing / Quantified wild fishing catches and equipment used / Gibson-Hill 1950
Regulating
Watershed / Quantified flood patterns and their link to urbanization / Chow et al. 2016b
Watershed / Quantified the role of vegetation and urban surfaces in trapping pollutants / Nguyen et al. 2012
Watershed / Historical analysis of urban forest use in Singapore / Webb 1998
Watershed / Historical analysis of the use of forests for watershed services / O’Dempsey 2014
Microclimate / Peak urban heat island effect occurs 2-4 hours after sunset, to a maximum of 7 °C / Chow & Roth 2006
Microclimate/cultural / Perceived and measured climate factors differ in the local population using a park / Chow et al. 2016a
Microclimate / Vegetated areas reuce maximum daytime temperature by 2.2 °C / Gupta et al. 2015
Microclimate / Shading by vegetation is important for micro-scale cooling e.g., along paths / Hwang et al. 2015
Microclimate / Vegetation cover reduces temperatures experienced in an industrial estate / Jusuf et al. 2014
Microclimate / Vegetation cover has important micro-scale, but no local-scale impact on thermal comfort / Lim 2014
Microclimate / Different types of vegetation have different measured microclimatic impacts / Nicol 1993
Microclimate / Urban areas are 1.5-3.5°C warmer than vegetated areas / Nieuwolt 1966
Microclimate / Summary of < 12 studies show urban areas are >3.5°C warmer than vegetated areas / Roth & Chow 2012
Microclimate/cultural / Young Singaporeans dislike some parks due to thermal discomfort / Saw et al. 2016
Microclimate / Different urban forms affect the provision of microclimatic serices by vegetation / Tan & Ismail 2015
Microclimate / Shading by vegetation has greatest effect on mean radiant temperature differential / Tan et al. 2013
Microclimate / Urban greenery reduces mean radiant temperature / Tan et al. 2014
Microclimate / Evapotranspiration of urban greenery reduces mean radiant temperature / Tan et al. 2015
Microclimate / Urban greenery reduces building temperatures and energy consumption / Wong et al. 2002
Microclimate / Urban greenery reduces building temperatures / Wong et al. 2003
Microclimate / Vegetation shading reduces temperatures in pedestrianised areas / Wong & Jusoff 2010
Microclimate/cultural / Wind speed and landscape design important variables in thermal comfort in urban parks / Yang & Wong 2013
Carbon / Primary rainforest stores 337 Mg C ha-1 and secondary forest stores 274 Mg C ha-1 / Ngo et al. 2013
Carbon / Roadside trees store 83 540 Mg C and parkland trees store 13 850 Mg C / Tan et al. 2009
Carbon / Nationally. Mangroves containt 450 572 Mg C (469 Mg C ha-1) / Friess et al. 2016
Carbon / Mangroves store 497 Mg C ha-1, seagrass stores 138 Mg C ha-1, mudflats store least carbon / Phang et al. 2015
Carbon / Urban trees are a source of carbon emissions over short time scales / Velasco et al. 2013
Cultural
Broad cultural / Importance of “natural wealth” and social construction of nature in Singapore / Kong & Yeoh 1996
Broad cultural / Different parts of a mangrove park are valued for different cultural ecosystem services / Richards & Friess 2015
Broad cultural / Cultural changed from 1980 to 2014 from intangible to tangible cultural services / Thiagarajah et al. 2015
Recreation / Park connectors are used more frequently by older Singaporeans / Yuen et al. 1999
Associated studies
Land cover change / Various examples of land cover change and urbanization / De Konick et al. 2008
Land cover change / Rapid loss of coastal habitats from 1950s to 1990s / Hilton & Manning 1995
Land cover change / Rapid loss of coastal habitats from 1990s to 2030 / Lai et al. 2015
Mangrove extent / Mangroves cover 659 ha / Yee et al. 2010
Parks / Describes distribution and uses of urban green spaces in Singapore / Henderson 2013
Parks / Description of park policy development in Singapore / Ooi 1992
Vegetation extent / Land cover map of Singapore quantified by remote sensing / Yee et al. 2011
Seagrass extent / At least 33.7 ha of seagrass have been mapped in Singapore / Yaakub et al. 2013
Species loss / Habitat loss exceeds 95% since 1819 and species extinctions are as much as 87% / Brook et al. 2003
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Webb R (1998) Urban forestry in Singapore. Arboricultural J 22:271–286
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Wong NH, Cheong KWD, Yan H, Soh J, Ong CL, Sia A (2002) The effects of rooftop garden on energy consumption of a commercial building in Singapore. Energy Build 35:353–364
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