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Animal Science 214

Mini-Practice Final

  1. The phases of gastric secretion from first to last are:
  2. Gastric phase, cephalic phase, intestinal phase.
  3. Intestinal phase, gastric phase cephalic phase.
  4. Cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase.
  5. Cephalic phase, intestinal phase, gastric phase.
  1. What would be the effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi?
  2. Greater absorption of nutrients would occur.
  3. Decreased surface area for absorption.
  4. A duodenal ulcer
  5. The large intestine would take over as the primary absorptive site.
  1. Which of the following cells produce HCl?
  2. Parietal cells
  3. G cells
  4. Chief cells
  5. Enteroendocrine cells
  1. The arrival of chyme containing a mixture of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into the duodenum over a period of time would cause:
  2. an increase in secretin release from the duodenum.
  3. diminished gallbladder contractions.
  4. a decrease in bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.
  5. a parasympathetic reflex which would promote gastric contractions.
  1. Alveolar ventilation rate is:
  2. The utilization rate of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.
  3. Movement of dissolved gases from the blood into the alveoli.
  4. The movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time.
  5. The movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.
  6. Which of the following are not contained in the respiratory zone?
  7. Alveoli
  8. respiratory bronchioles
  9. all of the above are parts of the respiratory zone
  10. alveolar ducts
  1. Dalton’s Law
  2. That each gas in a mixture of gases exerts pressure in proportion to its percentage in the total mixture
  3. Explains why it is difficult to make soup at high altitude
  4. That the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.
  5. All of the above
  6. What is the primary difference the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?
  7. The somatic nervous system enables us to control our involuntary muscles, while the autonomic nervous system controls our glands.
  8. The somatic nervous system allows us to control our skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system controls activity that humans cannot consciously control, such as pumping of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive tract.
  9. The autonomic nervous system allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles, and the somatic nervous system controls activity that humans cannot consciously control, such as the pumping of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive tract.
  10. The autonomic nervous system enables us to control our involuntary muscles, while the somatic nervous system controls our gland.
  11. The sensory, or afferent, division of the peripheral nervous system transmits information from the ______to the CNS.
  12. Kidney
  13. Skin
  14. Heart
  15. Stomach
  16. Which of the following statements best describes the membrane situation in the resting state in the neuron?
  17. All the voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed.
  18. Only the voltage-gated K+ channels are open.
  19. Only the voltage-gated Na+ channels are open.
  20. Only the voltage-gated K+ are closed.
  1. During which phase of an action potential are voltage-gated K+ channels open, while voltage gated Na+ channels closed?
  2. Repolarizing phase
  3. Resting state
  4. Regeneration
  1. The ______cells are found in the CNS and the ______cells are found in the PNS, both wrapping around nerve fibers:
  2. Schwann cells, Oligodendrocytes
  3. Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells
  4. Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes
  5. Astrocytes, Schwann cell
  6. Depolarizing phase
  1. What is the correct sequence of the following events?

1.Neurotransmitter is released

2.Action potential reaches the axon terminal

3.Calcium ions enter the axon terminal

4.Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the post-synaptic cell

5.The post synaptic cell depolarizes.

  1. 2, 3, 1, 4, 5
  2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
  3. 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
  4. 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
  1. What is the ion released from the terminal cisternae that combines with troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin, resulting in the formation of the cross bridge?
  2. Na+
  3. K+
  4. Mg2+
  5. Ca2+
  6. What is it called when there is no relaxation at all between muscle contraction stimuli?
  7. Unfused tetany
  8. Fused tetany
  9. Temporal summation
  10. Spatial summation
  1. Choose the correct sequence of current flow through the heart wall.
  2. SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches.
  3. AV node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches.
  4. SA node, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers.
  5. AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV bundle of His, eight and left bundle branches.
  6. The pacemaker of the heart is the:
  7. AV node
  8. Bundle of His
  9. The bundle branches
  10. SA node
  1. On the electrocardiogram, repolarization of the atria is represented by the:
  2. P wave
  3. QRS complex
  4. T wave
  5. It does not appear since it is obscured by the QRS complex
  6. A “foreign” molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n):
  7. Hapten
  8. antibody
  9. immunoglobulin
  10. antigen
  1. Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells:
  2. By secreting antibodies.
  3. By phagocytosis.
  4. By releasing oxidizing agents.
  5. Through insertion of perforins into the target’s membrane.
  1. The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen, resulting in a secondary response, is called a(n):
  2. Helper T cell.
  3. Memory cell.
  4. Antigen-presenting cells.
  5. Plasma cell.
  1. Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense?
  2. Macrophages
  3. Natural killer cells
  4. Mucous membranes
  5. Complements
  1. Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?
  2. A secondary immune response is started by naïve lymphocytes, while the primary immune response is initiated by memory cells.
  3. A secondary immune response does produce as many antibodies compared to a primary immune response.
  4. A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response.
  5. A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.
  1. Humoral immunity is provided by:
  2. T cells.
  3. Interferons.
  4. Antibodies.
  5. Complement proteins.
  1. Without this cell, there is no immune response?
  2. Cytotoxic T cell
  3. B cell
  4. Macrophages
  5. Helper T cell
  1. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the:
  2. Major calyx.
  3. Nephron.
  4. Glomerulus.
  5. Loop of Henle.
  1. The Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus make up the:
  2. Collecting system.
  3. Renal corpuscle.
  4. Papilla.
  5. Loop of Henle.
  1. Arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment. (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, (5) urethra
  2. 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
  3. 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
  4. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
  5. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
  1. If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate:
  2. Cannot be determined.
  3. Increases.
  4. Does not change.
  5. Decrease.
  1. The ______can contract, changing the total surface are of the capillaries available for filtration in the glomerulus.
  2. Macula densa
  3. Juxtaglomerular cells
  4. Intercalated cells
  5. Mesangial cells
  1. Which of the following is a function of the urinary system?
  2. Filter plasma
  3. Regulate blood pressure
  4. Regulate pH
  5. All of the above

32. The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hypothalamic hormones and they are?

  1. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  2. Oxytocin and growth hormone (GH)
  3. GH and ADH
  4. GH and prolactin (PRL)

33. ______decreases blood calcium levels and ______increases blood calcium levels.

a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin

b.Calcitonin, PTH

c. GH, PRL

d.PRL, GH

34. The pancreas produces what two hormone that help regulate blood glucose levels?

  1. Insulin and GH
  2. GH and PRL
  3. Insulin and glucagon
  4. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

35. The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of:

  1. Hormonal stimuli
  2. Humoral stimuli
  3. Hypothalamic stimuli
  4. Neural stimuli

36. The transcription of new messenger RNA (mRNA) is a function of:

  1. Amino acid-based hormones.
  2. Catecholamines.
  3. Steroid hormones.
  4. Pituitary gland hormones.

37. Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone?

  1. Assertiveness
  2. Synergism
  3. Permissiveness
  4. Antagonism

38. Choose the false statement about oogenesis.

  1. Primary oocytes are stalled in prophase I until puberty.
  2. In humans, the secondary oocyte must complete meiosis II before it can be fertilized.
  3. In oogenesis, three polar bodies and one functional gamete are produced.
  4. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries.

39. The functional layer of the endometrium is shed in response to:

  1. Decreased estrogen levels.
  2. Increased estrogen levels.
  3. Decreased progesterone levels.
  4. Increased progesterone levels.

40. The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers:

  1. Uterine-lining secretion.
  2. Ovulation
  3. Menstruation
  4. Activation of primordial follicles.

41. In which uterine phase does the functional layer of the endometrium start to rebuild?

  1. Secretory
  2. Proliferative
  3. Preovulatory
  4. Ovulation

42.What hormone is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics found in women?

  1. Estrogen
  2. FSH
  3. LH
  4. Progesterone

43. Which phase of the uterine cycle ends with a rise in estrogen and ovulation?

  1. Proliferative phase
  2. Menstruation
  3. Secretory phase
  4. Premenstrual phase

44.What is the hormone that is needed for puberty to be initiated?

  1. Estrogen
  2. GnRH
  3. Testosterone
  4. E2

45. What do the pinealocytes (located in the pineal gland) secrete in response to longer nights?

  1. LH
  2. FSH
  3. Melatonin
  4. GnRH

46. If the alveolus is full, milk production will stop:

a. True

b. False

47. The antibody rich portion of milk produced right after birth is known as ______

a. Casein

b. Colostrum

c. Whey

d. Calcium

48. ______stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells

a. Oxytocin

b. Aldosterone

c. Prolactin

d. ADH