Biology Midterm Exam Review KEY

  1. Which organisms are most closely related in the DNA fingerprints to the right?

A and D samples. They both have bands 1-2-4

5-7-9 in common

  1. Which of the following species are most closely related?

Species 1: TACGGAAGC Species 1 and species 3

Species 2:TCCGCCACG

Species 3:TGCGGAAGA

Species 4:TACCCACGA

  1. List in order the names of the phases of the cell cycle. Put a circle around the 4

that are considered to be a part of mitosis.

G1-S-G2Prophase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase

  1. What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

Mitosis / Meiosis
One division / Two divisions
2 daughter cells made / 4 daughter cells made
Parent has 46 chromosomes, daughter cells have 46 chromosomes / Parent has 46 chromosomes, daughter cells have 23 chromosomes
No chromosome reduction / Chromosome reduction
Used for growth and repair / Reproduction (making sex cells)
  1. What are the differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? Label the cells in the diagram: prokaryote eukaryote.

Prokaryote / Eukaryote
No nuclear membrane (nucleus) / Nuclear membrane (has nucleus)
Circular chromosomes / Chromosomes in a nucleus
No membrane bound organelles / Membrane bound organelles
Smaller cell / Larger cell
Only bacteria are prokaryote / Everything else is eukaryote
  1. The solution in the diagram to the right contains 93% water and 7% sugar. The animal cell in the solution is 99% water and 1% sugar. How will osmosis affect the animal cell?

Water will move out of the cell and the cell will shrink (hypertonic solution).

  1. The sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration of a normal human blood cell is 0.9%. The picture on the rightshows a normal red blood cell, while the picture to the right shows a red blood cell that has been placed in a salt solution. In order for the cell to burst, would the concentration of salt in the solution be higher or lower than the concentration of salt in the blood?

It would be lower…

  1. Use the following forms of cellular transport to label the diagram to the right:

diffusion, facilitated diffusion,

active transport.

9. What would happen to a freshwater fish if you were to put it in a salt water tank?

Its cells would shrink because water would be leaving the cells.

What would happen to a salt water fish if you were to put it in a fresh water tank?

Its cells would swell because water is moving into the fish cells.

10. Why is a virus considered to be non-living?

It does not have the ability to reproduce on its own, it needs a host cells to copy it. Consists of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat (capsid).

Label the protein coat and the genetic material.

11. What does the cell theory state?

  1. Cell is the basic unit of life
  2. Cells come from pre-existing cells
  3. All living things are made from one or more cells

12. Identify what happens in each stage of the viral

cyclesin the picture to the right.

Lytic cycle – The virus infects the cell and immediately commands the cell to make copies of the virus and kills the cell.

Lysogenic cycle –The virus infects the cell. The viral DNA attaches to the DNA of the cell and stays dormant (asleep) for a time. Once the viral DNA is triggered, it takes control of the cell commanding the cell to create copies of the virus eventually killing the cell.

What is the difference between the

Lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle?

The lytic cycle kills the cell immediately, the lysogenic cycle kills the cell at a later time…

Of the 2 cycles above, the flu is an

example of _Lytic______.

13.What process is taking place in the diagram to the right?

Dehydration synthesis

Or

Hydrolysis

What is the difference between the

two?In dehydration synthesis water is taken out to bond two monomers together to make a polymer.

In hydrolysis water is added to a bond of a polymer to break it down into the individual monomers.

14. Look at the equations to the right and answer the questions.

Label each equation as photosynthesis or respiration.

Equation 1 is Photosynthesis

Equation 2 is Cell Respiration

What are the reactants of photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide, water and sunlight

What are the reactants of respiration?Oxygen and glucose

15. Using your knowledge of biomolecules and the chart below, label compounds A, B, C, and D. (Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids)

What are some other characteristics of compound each?

Biomolecule / Protein (A) / Fats (B) / Carbohydrates (C) / Nucleic Acid (D)
Structure / / / /
Function / Building blocks of the body / Secondary (long term) source of energy / Primary source of energy / Stores genetic material

16.Label each of the 4 biomolecules. (Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids)

Which structure is used as the primary source of energy?

17. What type of molecule (monomer) makes up the long chains of DNA?

Nucleotide

What are the 3 components of this molecule?

Sugar-Phosphate-Nitrogenous base

  1. Which type of RNA carries the coding information to the site of

protein synthesis? mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

  1. Enzymes help us with many bodily functions. The enzyme that helps us start the process of digestion when we eat is called amylase. How does amylase help in the process of digestion of food?

Enzymes help to speed of the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into their basic units (monomers)

  1. In a DNA molecule, which component of the nucleotide specifically determines the characteristics of an organism?

The sequence of the nitrogenous bases

  1. Complete the diagram below with the missing complimentary bases:

Where does the molecule separate before replication begins?

It separates at the bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs

  1. Label the numbered items on the following drawing.

What is the name of the process that is happening in this drawing?

Protein Synthesis

  1. What kind of mutation is pictured in the diagram? Insertion

Explain how this could cause the wrong enzymes(proteins) to be made.

Explain why chromosomal mutations would affect more than one enzyme.

The base sequence would make a different amino acid to join the chain, forming a different protein

  1. Certain genes can be turned on and off when they are needed. The leads to differentiation in cells. Explain why gene expression would need to be a regulated process.

To increase the versatility and the adaptability of an organism when it needs the expression of a specific gene

  1. A DNA analysis was done on several suspects of a crime that was committed. The results are pictured below. Who did not commit the crime?

Suspect A and C

  1. Circle the correct word:

A (point/frameshift) mutation causes a change in a single base. A deletion or insertion causes a (point/frameshift) mutation.

  1. A black chicken and a white chicken produce grey baby chicks. What kind of genetic inheritance is this?

Incomplete dominance

  1. What is this picture called and what does it tell you about the person?This is a picture of a karyotype. It can tell you if the person is a male or a female and if the person has a genetic disorder or if the person is normal (no genetic disorder).
  1. Circle the correct answer:

Mitosis produces (body cells/sex cells). Meiosis produces (body cells/sex cells).

  1. Look at the following diagram and describe what process is occurring. Explain what is happening to the chromosomes in the cells.

This is the process of Meiosis. Chromosome count is reduced by half (from 46 to 23 chromosoems)

  1. Uncontrolled cell growth and development can lead to what disease?

Cancer

  1. In aliens blue hair (B) is dominant over white hair (b). A homozygous recessive white haired alien is crossed with a heterozygous blue haired alien. Draw a Punnett Square to solve this problem and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios produced by this cross.

Genotype = 50% Bb 50% bb

Phenotype = 50% Blue 50% White

  1. Describe how cell differentiation can explain this picture:

The clusters of cells are instructed to form different tissue (parts of) the body of the fish

  1. Gene expression can be controlled by temperature. This results in animals with multiple colors of fur. Give an example of how this happens.

Genes for fur color can be inactive, and at a certain temperature, they will activate causing a change in the color

  1. Label and write a short description of what is happening in each of the following pictures.

Sequence is A-B –D-C

A-Prophase – chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks apart, spindle starts to form

B-Metaphase – chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

C-Anaphase – centromere splits (disk that holds sister chromatids together) and sister chromatids move to separate poles (separate sides of the cell)

D-Telophase/cytokinesis –nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes, chromosomes uncoil and cytoplasm divides to form two new cells