1Chapter 5: Languages
Introducing: Languages (p.140)
•language and culture
•language distributions
•“Language is like luggage.”
•Figure 5-1
Key Issue 1: Where Are Languages Distributed?
•How many languages do you speak?
•language
•literary tradition
•official language
•Figure 5-2
•English as an official language
•ethnologue
•speakers of different languages
•
•85 languages
•language families
•language branch
•language group
•Classification of Languages
•Figure 5-3
•Figure 5-4
•
•Two-Thirds of the people..
•Distribution of Language Families
•Indo-European
•Sino-Tibetan
•Figure 5-5
•North America
•South America
•Europe
•Africa
•Middle East
•South Asia
•East and Southeast Asia
•Oceania
•Other Asian Language Families
•Austronesian
•Austro-Asiatic
•Tai Kadai
•Japanese
•Korean
•Languages of Southwest Asia and North Africa and Central Asia
•Afro-Asiatic
•Altaic
•Uralic
•African Language Families
•Niger-Congo
•Nilo-Saharan
•Khoisan
•Figure 5-8
Key Issue 2: Why is English Related to Other Languages?
•Distribution of Indo-European Branches
•Germanic Branch
•Western Germanic
•Scandinavia
•Figure 5-9
•Indo-Iranian Branch
•Indic (Eastern) Group
•Hindi
•India’s languages
•Urdu
•Figure 5-10
•Figure 5-11
•Iranian (Western) Group
•Balto-Slavic Branch
•East Slavic and Baltic Groups
•Russian
•Figure 5-12
•West and South Slavic Groups
•Cyrillic
•Bosnian Muslims
•Romance Branch
•European regions
•Figure 5-13
•“difficulty in trying to establish…”
•Catalan
•Origin and Diffusion of Language Families
•Origin and Diffusion of English
•German Invasion
•England
•Figure 5-15
•Norman Invasion
•Normandy
•Modern English
•Diffusion to North America
•Origin and Diffusion of Romance Languages
•Roman Empire
•Latin
•Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European
•Porto-Indo-European
•Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis
•Sedentary Farmer hypothesis
•Indo-European dissuasion
•Figure 5-18
•Figure 5-19
Key Issue 3: Why Do Individual Languages Vary among Places ?
•dialect
•isogloss
•Dialects of English
•Dialect in the United States
•Figure 5-20
•Settlement in the East
•New England
•Southeastern
•Midlands
•Current Dialect Differences in the East
•Pronunciation Differences
•Figure 5-21
•“diffusion of particular English dialects…”
•Figure 5-22
•Dialects in the United Kingdom
•standard language
•Received Pronunciation
•Figure 5-23
•English dialects
•British and American English Dialects
•Vocabulary
•Spelling
•Figure 5-24
•Pronunciation
•England vs. USA
•Distinguishing between Languages and Dialects
•Romance Branch Dialects
•Spanish and Portuguese
•Dialect or Langauge?
•Languages of Italy
•Catalan-Valencian-Balear
•Galician
•Moldovan
•Creole Langaues
•creolized language
Key Issue 4: Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
•“fate of culture group…”
•Langauge Diversity
•Multilingual States
•Belgium
•Figure 5-27
•Southern Belgium
•Northern Belgium
•Switzerland
•Figure 5-29
•Nigeria
•Figure 5-30
•Isolated Langauges
•A Pre-Indo-European Survivor: Basque
•An Unchanging Langauge: Icelandic
•A “Discovered” Language: Koro Aka
•Extinct and Revived Languages
•Many Extinct Languages: Native Americans
•An Extinct Language: Gothic
•Reviving and Extinct Langauge Hebrew
•Preserving Endangered Languages: Celtic
•Welsh
•Irish
•Breton
•Scottish
•Cornish
•Preserving Aboriginal and Maori in Australia and New Zealand
•Australia
•New Zealand
•Preserving Occitan in France
•French Dialects
•Preserving Lesser-Used Langauges
•Global Dominance of English
•Figure 5-42
•
•English: An Example of a Lingua Franca
•pidgin language
•global dominace
•The Death of English as a Lingua Franca?
•Expansion Diffusion of English
•African American English
•Appalachian English
•Diffusion to Other Languages
•Franglais
•Spanglish
•Denglish
•Spanish and French in the Untied States and Canada
•Spanish-Speaking United States
•Figure 5-48
•French-Speaking Canada
•Figure 5-49
•English on the Internet
•Figure 5-50