Unit a Medical Terminology

Unit A Medical Terminology

Abbreviations

A. stat

B. VS

C. Rx

D. prn

E. HS

F. NPO

G. po

H. bid

I. q2h

J. amb

K. mg

L. mL

M. L

N. cc

O. tsp

P. EKG

Q. D/C

R. EEG

S. DNR

T. >

U. <

Root words

aden

arter

arthr

bio

bronch

carcin

cardi

cephal

cerebr

chem.

chol

cost

cyst

cyt

derm

enter

erythro

gast

gingiv

gloss

hem

hepat

hydro

hyster

lingu

lith

myo

nephr

ren

neur

ocul

ophthalm

pneum

psych

rhin

thorac

trach

Prefixes

a, an

anti

brady

contra

dys

endo

epi

hemi

hyper

hypo

inter

intra

leuko

micro

neo

peri

poly

post

pre

pro

semi

sub

tach

Suffixes

algia

centesis

ectomy

emia

genetic, genic

gram

graph

itis

lysis

megaly

ologist

ology

oma

orrhea

osis

otomy

path

phobia

plasty

plegia

sclerosis

scope

spasm

stasis

uria

Unit B History and Trends of Health Care

4000 BC – 3000 BC Primitive Times

1. Illness and diseases were a ______

2. Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ______

______used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)

3. Trepanation or trephining

3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians

4. Physicians were ______

5. Bloodletting or ______used as medical treatment

1700 BC – AD 220 Ancient Chinese

6. Used therapies such as ______

1200 BC –200 BC Ancient Greeks

7. First to ______and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.

8. Believed illness is a result ______

9. Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment

753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans

10. Established ______(caring for solders in their homes)

11. First public health and sanitation systems by building ______

______

AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages

1. Began after the fall of ______

2. Emphasis on ______and study of medicine was prohibited

3. Monks and priests treated patients with prayer

AD 800 – AD 1400 Middle Ages

1. Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans

______killed 25-75% of population in Europe and Asia

AD 1350 – AD 1650 Renaissance

1. Dissection of body led to increased understanding of______

2. Invention of ______allowed medical knowledge to be shared

16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries

1. Cause of disease still not known – many people died from ______

2.Invention of the ______allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.

______led to development of pharmacies

3. First vaccination developed ______

19th Century

1. Formal training for ______began

2. ______developed once microorganisms wereassociated with disease

3. ______discovered in 1892

4______became active participants in health care

20th Century

1. Increased knowledge about the role of blood in thebody

a. ______discovered

b. Found out how ______protect againstdisease

2. New medications were developed

a. ______discovered and used to treat diabetes

b. ______developed to fight infections

c. Vaccines were developed

3. New machines developed

a. ______

b. ______

4. Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cureonce fatal conditions

a. ______

b. ______

c. Implanted first artificial heart

5. Health Care Plans developed to help pay the cost ofcare

a. ______marked the entry of thefederal government into the health care arena

b. HMOs provided an alternative to private insurance

c. Hospice organized for ______

People in History

1. Hippocrates (c. 460 – 377 BC) a Greek physician known as the “______”

He authored code of conduct for doctors known as the ______

which is the basis of medical practicetoday. He ______andstressed importance of good diet, fresh air, cleanliness,and exercise

2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Invented the ______that allowed visualizationof organisms. He scraped his teeth and observed the ______-______

3. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Invented ______and found that colds ______

4. Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Developed a vaccination for______in 1796

5. Rene Laennec (1781-1826) Invented the ______1819, made of wood

6. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) First ______inthe United States

7. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) Known as the “______”

Established efficient and sanitary nursing units duringthe ______in 1854

Invented the ______and use of dumbwaitersto deliver meals and began

the professional education of nurses

8. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Known as the “______”. His germ theory proved that microorganisms causedisease. Proved that heat can be used to destroy germs througha process called ______. Created a vaccine for ______in 1885. Founded the basic rules for sterilization

9. Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Used ______on wounds to kill germs and was the first doctor to use an ______during surgery

10. Clara Barton (1821-1912) Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the Civil

War. After Civil War, established a bureau of records tosearch for missing men. Campaigned for the USA to sign the Treaty of Geneva,which provided relief for sick and wounded soldiers

Formed ______in 1881 and served as itsfirst president

11. . Robert Koch (1843-1910)1. Developed the ______method to identify

Pathogens. Isolated the bacterium that causes ______

12. Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) Discovered roentgenograms or ______in 1895 which let doctors see inside the body, he first X-rayed ______

12. Sigmund Freud (1836-1939)Discovered the conscious and unconscious part of the _____

His studies were the basis for ______

13. Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Discovered ______in 1928 which is considered one of the ______discoveries of the ______

14. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) and Albert Sabin (1906 – 1993) Discovered ______

Saved many people from this virus that paralyzedthousands of adults and children

15. Francis Crick and James Watson- Described the ______and how it carries

geneticinformation in 1953. Built a three-dimensional model of the molecules ofDNA for this they shared the ______in 1962

16. Christian Barnard - Performed first successful ______transplant in 1968

17. Ben Carson- Famous for his surgeries to separate ______

He is currently Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at JohnHopkins. He has refined hemispherectomy, a surgery on thebrain to stop seizures

TRENDS IN HEALTH CARE

Cost containment

1. Reasons for high health care costs are ______

______

2. Methods of cost containment include ______or (DRG), ______of services, Outpatient services, . Mass or bulk purchasing, and early intervention and ______services

B. Home health care

C. Geriatric care

1. Types of facilities______

2. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)

D. Telemedicine

E. Wellness

1. Physical wellness

2. Emotional wellness

3. Social wellness

4. Mental and intellectual wellness

5. Spiritual Wellness

6. Holistic Health

F. Alternative and Complementary Methods of Health Care

1. Ayurvedic practitioners

2. Chinese medicine practitioners

3. Chiropractors

4. Homeopaths

5. Hypnotists

6. Naturopaths

Unit C Health Care Systems

Hospitals

1. General hospitals ex ______

2. Specialty hospitals ex______

3. Government hospitals ex ______

4. University or college medical centers ex______

B. Long-term care facilities

1. Nursing homes or geriatric homes

2. Extended care facilities or skilled care facilities

3. Independent living and assisted living facilities

C. Medical offices- goal is to provide ______, ______, ______, may also providebasic laboratory testing,minor surgery

2. Specialties (Examples include: Pediatrics, Cardiology,and Obstetrics)

D. Dental offices

E. Clinics or satellite centers

1. Surgical clinics or surgicenters

2. Urgent or emergency care clinics

3. Rehabilitation clinics

4. Specialty clinics

5. Outpatient clinics

6. Health department clinics

7. Medical center clinics

F. Optical centers

G. Emergency care services

1. Ambulance services

2. Rescue squads

3. Helicopter or airplane

H. Laboratories

1. Medical- do ______

2. Dental- do______

I. Home health care- Provide in ______

J. Hospice - Care for terminally ill individuals, Goal is to ______

______

K. Mental health facilities

L. Genetic counseling centers, Performing prenatal screening tests, Checking for genetic abnormalities and birth defects

M. Rehabilitation facilities - Services may include physical,occupational, recreational, speech, and hearing therapy, The goal is to ______

N. Health maintenance organizations

1. Preventive health care

2. Basic medical services

3. Health education

O. Industrial health care centers

1. Basic employee examinations

2. Teaching accident prevention and safety

3. Providing emergency care

P. School health services

Government agencies

1. World Health Organization (WHO)Run by ______

Concerned with ______

2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

(USDHHS) (The umbrella) run by ______

3. National Institutes of Health (NIH) concerned with ______

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is concerned with ______

______

5. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is concerned with ______

6. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) ______

7. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)______

8. Health departments Provide what tryes of services______

______

Voluntary or nonprofit Agencies

1. American Cancer Society

2. American Heart Association

3. American Respiratory Disease Association

4. American Diabetes Association

5. National Association of Mental Health

6. National Foundation of the March of Dimes

7. American Red Cross

8. HOSA

Health Insurance plans

1. Deductibles ______

2. Co-insurance______

3. Co-payment______

4. Premium ______

B. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)

C. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)

D. Medicare takes care of ______

1. Type A

2. Type B

E. Medicaid takes care of ______

F. Workers’ Compensation takes care of ______

G. TRICARE takes care of ______

H. Managed Care primary goal is ______

Unit D Personal Qualities of a Health Care Worker

Personal appearance

1. Good health includes Diet, ______, ______, Good posture, and avoiding ______

Professional appearance

a. Uniform all include ______, Personal hygiene is important and includes ______

f. Nails should be ______

g. Hair should be ______

h. Jewelry includes ______

i. Makeup SHOULD ______

Personal characteristics- define

1. Empathy______

2. Honesty______

3. Dependability______

4. Willingness to learn ______

5. Patience ______

6. Acceptance of criticism ______

7. Enthusiasm ______

8. Self-motivation ______

9. Tact ______

10. Competence ______

11. Responsibility ______

12. Discretion ______

13. Team Player ______

Communication give an example of

1. Verbal ______

2. Nonverbal ______

B. Communication process

1. Senderdraw the communication model

2. Message

3. Receiver

4. Feedback

Factors that interfere with communication

1. The message must be ______

2. The sender must deliver the message in a ______manner

3. The receiver must be able to ______and ______themessage

4. The receiver must be able to ______the message

5. Interruptions or distractions must be ______

Listening

1. Show interest and concern for what the speaker issaying

2. Be alert and maintain eye contact with the speaker

3. Avoid interrupting the speaker

4. Pay attention to what the speaker is saying

5. Avoid thinking about how you are going to respond

6. Try to eliminate your own prejudices and see the otherperson’s point of view

7. Eliminate distractions by moving to a quiet area for theconversations

8. Watch the speaker closely to observe actions that maycontradict what the person is saying

9. Reflect statements back to the speaker to let thespeaker know that statements are being heard

10. Ask questions if you do not understand part of amessage

11. Keep your temper under control and maintain positiveattitude

E. Non-verbal communication

1. Facial expressions ex ______

2. Body language ex ______

3. Gestures ex______

4. Eye contact

5. Touch to convey messages or ideas

F. Barriers to communications

1. Physical disabilities ex ______

2. Psychological barriers ex______

Recording and reporting

1. Sense of sight

2. Sense of smell

3. Sense of touch

4. Sense of hearing

5. Subjective observations

6. Objective observations

7. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act( HIPAA ) insures patient ______

Teamwork

1. All team members work together to: I______the needs of the patient

Offer opinions on the______type of care, . Suggest additional professionals who might beable to assist with specific needs

2. The leader’s responsibilities include: ______the team’s activities

Encouraging ______to share ideas and giveopinions, and Motivating all team members to work ______, Assisting with problems, Monitoring the progress of the team, Providing reports and feedback to all teammembers on the effectiveness of the team.

3. Methods to develop good interpersonal relationshipsinclude:

a. Maintain a positive attitude and learn to laugh atyourself

b. Be friendly and cooperate with others

c. Assist others when you see that they need help

d. Listen carefully when another person is sharingideas or beliefs

e. Respect the opinions of others even though youmay not agree with them

f. Be open-minded and willing to compromise

g. Avoid criticizing other team members

h. Learn good communication skills so you can shareideas, concepts, and knowledge

i. Support and encourage other team members

j. Perform your duties to the best of your abilities

B. Professional leadership

1. Characteristics

a. Respects the rights, dignity, opinions, and abilitiesof others

b. Understands the principles of democracy

c. Works with a group and guides the group toward agoal

d. Understands own strengths and weaknesses

e. Displays self-confidence and willingness to take astand

f. Communicates effectively and states ideas clearly

g. Shows self-initiative and a willingness to work

h. Completes tasks

i. Shows optimism

j. Is open-minded and can compromise

k. Praises others and gives credit to others

l. Is dedicated to meeting high standards

2. Types

a. Democratic – is ______

b. Laissez-faire – is ______

c. Autocratic- is ______

A. Identify stressors

1. What the event was

2. Why you feel stress

3. How much stress you experience

4. Do you have negative or positive feelings

B. Problem-solving method- list In order

1. ______information or data

2. ______the problem

3. List possible ______

4. Make ______

5. ______your solution

6______the results

7______the solution

C. Physical reaction to stress

Stop….. Breathe…..Reflect ….. Choose

D. Stress-reducing techniques- give an example of each

1. Live a healthy lifestyle ______

2. Take a break from stressors ______

3. Relax ______

4. Escape ______

5. Relieve tension ______

6. Rely on others ______

7. Meditate ______

8. Use imagery ______

9. Enjoy yourself ______

10. Renew yourself ______

11. Think positively ______

12. Develop outside interests ______

13. Seek assistance or delegate tasks ______

14. Avoid too many commitments ______

Time Management

1. Skills that allow a person to use time in the best waypossible

a. Putting the individual in charge

b. Keeping things in perspective when events areoverwhelming

c. Increasing productivity

d. Using time more effectively

e. Improving enjoyment of activities

f. Providing time for relaxing and enjoying life

B. Setting goals

Short term goals______

Long tern goals ______

2. Setting effective goals

a. State goals in a ______manner

b. Define goals clearly and precisely

c. ______goals

d. ______goal down

e. Make sure each goal is at the right level

Creating a time management plan

1. Analyze and prioritize

2. Identify habits and preferences

3. Schedule tasks

4. Make a daily “to do” list

5. Plan your work

6. Avoid distractions

7. Take credit for a job well done

Unit E Careers in Health Care

Types of education- how long and where could you get this degree

1. Associate’s degree______

2. Bachelor’s degree______

3. Master’s degree ______

4. Doctorate or doctoral degree ______

B. Certification

C. Registration

D. Licensure

E. Accreditation is important because______

F. Continuing education units are needed because ______

G. Education and levels of training

1. Professional take at least ______years

2. Technologist or therapist takes at least ______years

3. Technician usually takes about ______

4. Aide or Assistant takes ______

H. Trends

1. Multi-competent worker is good because ______

2. Entrepreneur is someone who ______

Dental careers

1. Dentist

2. Dental Hygienist

3. Dental Laboratory Technician

4. Dental Assistant

Diagnostic services

1. Medical Laboratory Technologist

2. Phlebotomist

3. Radiologic Technologist

4. Epidemiologist

5. Biomedical Engineer

6. Skill: Height and weight

7. Skill: Bleeding

C. Emergency medical services

1. Emergency Medical Technician Paramedic

2. Emergency Medical Technician Intermediate

3. Emergency Medical Technician Ambulance/Basic

D. Health information and communication services

1. Medical Record Administrator

2. Medical Transcriptionist

3. Unit Secretary (Ward Clerk)

4. Medical Illustrator

Hospital /Health care facility services

1. Health Care Administrator

2. Central/Sterile Supply Technician

B. Medical careers

1. Physician

a. Doctor of Medicine (MD)

b. Doctor of Osteopathy (DO)

c. Doctor of Podiatry (DPM)

d. Doctor of Chiropractics (DC)

2. Physician specialties- describe what the following Doctor would do

a. Anesthesiologist does ______

b. Cardiologist ______

c. Dermatologist ______

d. Gastroenterologist ______

e. Gerontologist ______

f. Gynecologist ______

g. Neurologist ______

h. Obstetrician ______

i. Oncologist ______

j. Ophthalmologist ______

k. Orthopedist ______

l. Otolaryngologist ______

m. Pathologist ______

n. Pediatrician ______

o. Radiologist ______

p. Thoracic surgeon ______

q. Urologist ______

Physician Assistant (PA, PAC)

4. Medical Assistant

Mental/Social services

1. Psychiatrist

2. Psychologist

3. Social Worker

A. Mortuary careers

1. Mortician

2. Embalmer

Nursing careers

1. Registered nurse (RN)

a. Master’s or Doctorate degree

b. Batchelor’s degree

c. Diploma program

d. Associate’s degree

2. Licensed Practical/Vocational nurse (LPN, LVN)

3. Nurse Assistant (CNA)

Surgical Technician

E. Nutrition/Dietary services

1. Dietician

2. Dietetic Assistant

Therapeutic careers

1. Occupational Therapist

2. Occupational Therapy Assistant

3. Pharmacist

4. Pharmacy Technician

5. Physical Therapist

6. Physical Therapy Assistant

7. Massage Therapist

8. Recreational Therapist

9. Respiratory Therapist

10. Speech-Language Therapist/Pathologist

11. Athletic Trainer

12. Perfusionist

. Veterinary careers

1. Veterinarian (DVM)

2. Veterinary Technician

3. Veterinary Assistant

C. Vision services

1. Ophthalmologist (MD)

2. Optometrist (OD)

3. Ophthalmic Technician

4. Optician

Unit F Legal and Ethical Responsibilities- define

A. Malpractice______

B. Negligence ______

C. Assault and battery ______

D. Informed Consent ______

E. Invasion of privacy ______

F. False imprisonment ______

G. Abuse ______

H. Defamation ______

I. Slander ______

J. Libel ______

A. Understand the elements of a contract

1. Offer______acceptance ______, consideration ______

2. List the two types of contracts implied/expressed

3.legal disability is person who ______

4. Role of an agent in contract law

B. Privileged communication

1. Written consent

2. Health care records

C. Privacy Act1. HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and AccountabilityAct)

2. Confidentiality

A. Ethics is ______

1. Principles of right and wrong

2. Dilemmas

3. Ethical code

4. Confidentiality

B. Patients’ Rights

1. Written policies in health care agencies

2 Patients Bill of Rights (AmericanHospital Association)

3. OBRA Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act 1987

4. Residents Bill of Rights

C. Advance Directives

1. Living Wills is ______

2. Durable Power of Attorney (POA) is ______

3. Patient Self Determination Act (PSDA) 1990 insures ______

D. Professional Standards

1. Perform procedures you are trained and legallypermitted.

2. Follow step-by-step methods for tasks

3. Obtain proper identification authorization

4. Observe all safety precautions

5. Confidential information

6. Think before you speak

7. Treat all patients equally

8. Accept no bribes or tips

9. Report and error or mistake immediately

10. Behave professionally in dress, language, manners,and actions

Unit G Cultural Diversity

HT07.01 Discuss concepts of ethnicity, culture and race.

A. Concept of individual’s uniqueness

B. Culture is ______

C. Ethnicity is ______

D. Race is ______

E. Cultural diversity is ______

1. Cultural assimilation is ______

2. Acculturation is ______

3. Sensitivity is ______

A. Bias is ______

B. Ethnocentric is a person who ______

C. Prejudice is ______

D. Stereotyping is ______

E. Holistic care is ______

F. Family organization

1. Nuclear family is ______

2. Extended family is ______

3. Patriarchal is ______

4. Matriarchal is ______

Languages used in America

2. Techniques for non-English speaking patients

H. Personal space and touch

1. Close contact and distant contact cultures

Eye contact

J. Gestures

A. United States uses biomedical or “Western” system

1. Encouraging patients to learn about their illness

2. Informing patients about terminal illness

3. Teaching self-care

4. Using medications and technology to cure or treat

disease

5. Teaching preventive care

B. Beliefs vary greatly among cultures – although not allindividuals in a culture believe and follow all the customs

C. In United States, increasing use of alternative therapies

D. Individuals have a right to choose their method of healthcare

E. Beliefs in certain cultures:

1. South African

a. Maintain harmony of body, mind and spirit

b. Cause: Spirits, demons or punishment from God

c. Treatment: Prayer or religious rituals

2. Asian

a. Health is balance of yin and yang

b. Treatment: Herbal remedies, acupuncture

c. Believe pain must be endured silently

3. European

a. Illness caused by outside sources

b. Treat with medication, surgery, diet, exercise

4. Hispanic

a. Health is a reward from God, good luck

b. Heat and cold remedies to restore balance,

prayers, massage

5. Middle Eastern

a. Health is spiritual, cleanliness essential

b. Males dominate and make decisions on health

care

c. Spiritual causes of illness, evil eye

6. Native American

a. Health is harmony with nature

b. Illness caused by supernatural forces and evil

spirits

c. Healer: Medicine man

d. Tolerance of pain signifies strength and power

F. Spiritual Beliefs

1. Spirituality

2. Religion

3. Atheist

4. Agnostic

G. Health care workers determine a patient’s spiritual needsby talking to the patient

H. Show respect for a patient’s spiritual beliefs and practices:

1. Willing listener

2. Support for spiritual and religious practices

3. Respect of symbols and books

4. Privacy during clergy visits