Turkey and the European Union: History

TURKEY AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: HISTORY

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Center for European Studies

University of Florida

Fall 2013

EmrahSahin

Email:

Office: 3326CTurlingtonPhone: (352) 294-7143

Classroom: WEIM 1094Time: MWF 6

Office hours: M 4-5, T 5, by appointment

Course website: lss.at.ufl.edu

DESCRIPTION

This course explores Turkish encounters with Europe, i.e. diplomatic, economic, political, and social networks that linked the Turkish world to Europe from the 19th century to the present. The course covers in three parts the following topics.

Turkey and Europe: Cultural and Spatial Boundaries of Europe; the “Turk” in official and collective memory of Europe; Europeanization in Turkey; Turkish Islam andPolitics of Religion; the relevance of the Armenian Tragedy and Kurdish Question to European ethno-politics
Turkish Politics vis-à-vis Europe: Ottoman legacy; the birth of Turkish Republic; democratization; military coups; semi-liberal economies and industry; civil society
Turkish Diplomacy toward the European Union: diplomatic traditions and practices; foreign relations with Europe and beyond; migration, the media, and education; journey to the European Union; “Turkish Mystique” in Perspective.

Throughout the course, students will elaborate onmultifarious dimensions of Turkish encounters with broader Europe through the past. They will also realize the difficulty of writing an even-handed historyof contacts and conflicts between Turkish and other European actorswhen the sources are mostly drawn from the latter, one side of the encounter.

In addition to secondary sources,the course presentsprimary source materials including films, documentaries, and historical papers. This will allowstudents to reinvent the context of ongoing diplomatic, political, and social debates between Turkey and Europe. It will also help them develop skills in research and writing, and will serve as an introduction to further study in European and Turkish Studies.

The course is a general introductory survey with no prerequisites, and will provide all required readings and materials in English on the course website.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The course aims to: introduce Turkish Politics and Society; foster critical reflection onTurkish-European relations; and develop the reading, writing, and research skills required for more advanced courses on European and TurkishStudies.

At the end of the course, students should be able to: identify major themes in Turkish socio-political history; discuss these themes with empiricalevidence;demonstrate an understanding of complex issuesrelated to Europe; demonstrate an understanding of the cumulative effect of political, social, and cultural forces on the making of Modern Turkey; analyze the reasons behind continuing debatesbetween Turkey and Europe; and reconsider the place of Turkey in Europe and beyond.

REQUIREMENTS

1. Participation (15 points). The course generally consists of lectures, plus discussion based on readings. Students should attend all lectures, complete reading assignments before class, actively participate in discussion, and write 1-page weekly synopsis on a reading of choice (a perfect submission number can claim a bonus).

2. Simulation Project (20 points). Students will select a European state during the 3rd week and discuss specific issues of its relations with Turkey. They will examine contemporary events and analyze historical developments, and present issues of political significance in class oron paper. The instructor will talk about this stimulating project later.

4. Research Paper Prospectus (5 points). Each student is required to prepare a 1-2 page research paper prospectus. It should include the topic of proposed research and a preliminary source list. This exercise will help to identify student’s areas of interest and will return with comments and suggestions.

5. Research Essay (30 points). Students will write a typed, double-spaced, 12pt font, 6-7 pageresearch paper. The paper will analyze and synthesize a topic drawn from lectures and(required and suggested) reading materials. Further instructions will be given in advance.

6. Final exam (30 points). Students fill write a comprehensive take-home final exam drawn from lectures and selected readings. At the semester’s end, a review class will provide guidelines and address questions about this exam.

GRADING

The grading scale is not curved and as follows:

A= 4.0 (outstanding); A-=3.67; B+=3.3 (very good); B=3.00 (good); B-=2.67 (above average); C+=2.33 (average); C=2.00 (below average); and so on.

Students must complete all requirements to be eligible to pass the course. Late submissions will be downgraded.

ACADEMIC HONESTY AND ADA STATEMENT

The University of Florida values academic integrity. All students must understand the meaning and consequences of cheating, plagiarism, and other academic offences under the UF Honor Code (see

The University of Florida offers supplementary services to students with disabilities. These students should register with “Disability Resources” as soon as possible, and submit to the instructor a note from the office for accommodating their academic needs.

SCHEDULE/ READINGS

PART I: TURKISH ENCOUNTERS WITH EUROPE

WEEK 1: Course Mechanics

Introduction: Mapping Turkey and Europe

•Deringil. “The Turks and Europe: the Argument from History,” Middle Eastern Studies

• Karpat. “The Ottoman Rule in Europe from the Perspective of 1994,” Studies in Ottoman Social and Political History

• Levin. “Europe and the Turk”; “Historical Legacies and Imagining Alternatives,” Turkey and the European Union: Christian and Secular Images of Islam

SUGGESTED: Makdisi, “Ottoman Orientalism,” American Historical Review; Meserve, “Nestor Denied: Francesco Filelfo’s Advice to Princes on the Crusade against the Turks,” Osiris; Wheatcroft, “Lustful Turk,” “Terrible Turk,”The Ottomans

WEEK 2:New Turk in New Europe

• Bogdani. “What Place Do Religion and Culture Have in the Debate on Turkish Candicacy,”Turkey and the Dilemma of EU Accession

• Levin. “The Cruel Turk and EUtopia,” Turkey and the European Union: Christian and Secular Images of Islam

• Stone. “Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Perceptions of Europe: Continuity and Change,” Turkish Studies

SUGGESTED: Yardumian and Schurr, “Who are Anatolian Turks?” Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia; Spiering, “Euro-sceptic Concerns about National Identity in the European Union and Turkey,” in Turkey and the European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter

Film: Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul (2005)

WEEK 3: Europeanization: Norms and Mores

• Arat. “The Project of Modernity and Women in Turkey,” in Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey

• Ergun. “Civil Society in Turkey and Local Dimensions of Europeanization,” Journal of European Integration

•Sezen. “International versus Domestic Explanations of Administrative Reforms: the Case of Turkey,” International Review of Administrative Sciences

SUGGESTED:Gole, “Woman: the Touchstone of Westernization,”The Forbidden Modern; Gocek, “The Cultural Interaction,” “Factors Affecting the Spread of Western Impact in Ottoman Society,” “Commerce,” “Technology,” East Encounters West

• **Simulation Project Begins**

WEEK 4: History of Turkish Islam and its Impact on Europe

•Citak. “Between ‘Turkish Islam’ and ‘French Islam’: The Role of the Diyanet in the ConseilFrançais du CulteMusulman,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies

• Fallers. “Turkish Islam,” in Turkish Migrations to the United States

•Zurcher. “Turkish Islam and the European Union,” The European Union, Turkey, and Islam

•Ugur. “Intellectual Roots of ‘Turkish Islam’ and approaches to the ‘Turkish model’,”

Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs

SUGGESTED:Faas, “Constructing Identities: the Ethno-national and Nationalistic Identities of White and Turkish Students in Two English Secondary Schools,” British Journal of Sociology of Education; Haddad and Balz, “Taming the Imams: European Governments and Islamic Preachers since 9/11,” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations; Henkel, “Rethinking the Dar al-harb: Social Change and Changing Perceptions of the West in Turkish Islam,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies; Seddon, “Reclaiming the Turk’s head,” in Thinking through Islamophobia: Global Perspectives; Yavuz, “Is There a Turkish Islam? The Emergence of Convergence and Consensus,” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs; and “The Political Economy of Islamic Discourse,” “FethullahGülen and the Neo-Nur Movement,”Islamic Political Identity in Turkey;Yukleyen, “State Policies and Islam in Germany and the Netherlands,” Localizing Islam in Europe

Film:Free Soul: Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (2011)

WEEK 5:The Armenian Tragedy and the Kurdish Question

• Akçam. “What Led to the Decision for Genocide,”A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility

•Quataert. “The Massacres of Ottoman Armenians and the Writing of Ottoman History”

•Ergil. “The Kurdish Question in Turkey,”Journal of Interdisciplinary History

• McCarthy. “Destruction and Murder in Van,”Armenian Rebellion at Van

SUGGESTED:Akçam, “The Union and Progress Era”;McCarthy, “The Committee of Union and Progress and the Armenians, 1908-1912”

PBS Documentary: The Armenian Genocide (Two Cats Productions, 2006)

• ** Due: Research Paper Prospectus **

PART II: TURKISH POLITICS VIS-A-VIS EUROPE

WEEK 6: Forging a European Nation: Imperial Legacy and the Birth of Turkish Republic

• Ahmad. “The Ottoman Legacy,” “From Empire to Nation,” The Making of Modern Turkey

•Dogan. “Comparing Two Charismatic Leaders: Ataturk and de Gaulle,” Comparative Sociology

• Karpat. “Millets and Nationality: The Roots of Incongruity of Nation and State in the Post-Ottoman Era,” Studies in Ottoman Social and Political History

•Roberts and Sahin. “Construction of National Identities in Early Republics: A Comparison of the American and Turkish Cases,” The Journal of the Historical Society

SUGGESTED: Cleveland and Bunton, “Authoritarian Reform in Turkey and Iran,” A History of the Modern Middle East; Kadioglu, “The Paradox of Turkish Nationalism and the Construction of Official Identity,”Middle East Studies; Mango, “Atatürk and the Future of Turkey,” Turkish Studies

Film: The Incredible Turk (1958)

WEEK 7: Shaping the Nation: Experimenting with Democracy

• Dodd. “Ataturk and Political Parties,” in Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey

• Howard. “The Early Turkish Republic, 1923-1945,” The History of Turkey

• Zurcher. “The Transition to Democracy, 1945-50,” “The Rule of the Democratic Party, 1950-60,” “The Third Republic: Turkey since 1980,” Turkey: A Modern History

SUGGESTED: Kasaba, “Populism and Democracy in Turkey, 1946-1961” Rules and Rıghts in the Middle East; Dodd, “Turkey Before and After Atatürk: Internal and External Affairs,” Journal of Islamic Studies

WEEK 8:Dividing the Nation: Military Coups

• Karpat, “The Military and Politics in Turkey, 1960-1964,” American Historical Review

• Karpat, “Turkish Democracy at Impasse: Ideology, Party Politics, and the Third Military Intervention,” International Journal of Turkish Studies

• Demirel, “Soldiers and Civilians: the Dilemma of Turkish Democracy,” Middle East Studies

SUGGESTED: Heper and Evin eds.,related chapters in, State, Democracy, and the Military: Turkey in the 1980s

Film: Chain-breaker (2007)

WEEK 9: Running the Nation: Economy and Industry

• Ahmad. “The New Turkey: Society and Economy,” The Making of Modern Turkey

• Kaya. “State, Society, and Economy: Tensions between Liberty and Discipline,” Social Theory and Later Modernities

•Yavuz, D. “Capital, the State and Democratization: The Case of Turkish Industry,” Sociology

SUGGESTED: Saz, “The European Integration of the Turkish industry: A Trade Analysis,” European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences; Öniş and Rubin, “The Broader Ramifications of Turkey’s Financial Crises,” The Turkish Economy in Crisis; Utkulu, “The Turkish Economy: Past and Present,” in Turkey since 1970

WEEK 10: Civil Society and Alternatives

• Findley. “The Turks and Modernity: Republican and Communist,” TWH

• Cosar and Ozman. “Representation Problems of Social Democracy in Turkey,” Journal of Third World Studies

• Haynes. “Politics, Identity and Religious Nationalism in Turkey: from Atatürk to the AKP,” Australian Journal of International Affairs

• Narli, “Civil-Military Relations in Turkey,” Turkish Studies

SUGGESTED: Cosar, “Liberal Thought and Democracy in Turkey,” Journal of Political Ideologies; Heper, “The Consolidation of Democracy versus Democratization in Turkey,” Turkish Studies; Mardin, “Religion and Secularism in Turkey,” in Atatürk

PART III: TURKISH DIPLOMACY AND THE EUROPEAN UNION

WEEK 11: Diplomacy: Traditions and Practices

•Dagi. “Democratic Transition in Turkey, 1980-83: The Impact of European Diplomacy,” Middle Eastern Studies

• Karpat. “Ottoman-European Relations and Islamism,” The Politicization of Islam

•Triantaphyllou and Fotiou. “The EU and Turkey in Energy Diplomacy,” Insight Turkey

• Yurdusev. “The Ottoman Attitude toward Diplomacy,” The Ottoman Diplomacy

SUGGESTED:Heper, “The European Union, the Turkish Military and Democracy,” South European Society & Politics;Inanc and Yilmaz, “Gunboat Diplomacy: Turkey, USA and the Advent of the Cold War,” Middle Eastern Studies; Kubicek, “The European Union and Grassroots Democratization in Turkey,” Turkish Studies; Lindsay, “Greek-Turkish Rapprochement: The Impact of ‘Disaster Diplomacy'?,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs; Sarigil, “Bargaining in Institutionalized Settings: The Case of Turkish Reforms,” European Journal of International Relations; Williams, “Turkey’s H2O Diplomacy in the Middle East,” Security Dialogue

WEEK 12: Foreign Relations: Turkey in Europe and Beyond

•Alessandri. “Turkey’s New Foreign Policy and the Future of Turkey-EU Relations,” International Spectator

•Altmann et al. “Democracy and Good Governance in the Black Sea Region,” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies

•Bengio. “The ‘Kurdish Spring’ in Turkey and its Impact on Turkish Foreign Relations in the Middle East,” Turkish Studies

•Goktepe. “The Cyprus Crisis of 1967 and its Effects on Turkey's Foreign Relations,” Middle Eastern Studies

SUGGESTED: Hale,Chapters I and II, Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000; Heraclides, “Imagined Enemies: The Aegean Conflict,” Mediterranean Politics; Souter, “An Island Apart: A Review of the Cyprus Problem,” Third World Quarterly

• ** Due: Research Paper **

WEEK 13: Socio-Politics: Migration, the Media, Education

•Adelson. “Experiment Mars, Turkish migration, and the Future of Europe: Imaginative Ethnoscapes in Contemporary German Literature,” Ethnic Europe

•Konuk. “Germans and Jews in Turkey: Ethnic Anxiety and Mimicry in the Making of the European Turk,” Ethnic Europe: Mobility, Identity, and Conflict in a Globalized World

•Kuran-Burcoglu, “The impact of Islamic Sects on Education and the Media in Turkey,” International Journal of Cultural Policy

•Yildiz and Verkuyten. “Inclusive Victimhood: Social Identity and the Politicization of Collective Trauma among Turkey’s Alevis in Western Europe,” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology

SUGGESTED:Kurban and Elmas, “Turkish Media Policy in National Context,” in Understanding Media Policies: A European Perspective

WEEK 14: Prospects and Challenges: Turkey to the European Union

• Bogdani. “Turkey and the European Union,”Turkey and the Dilemma of EU Accession

• Kalaycioglu. “The Turkish EU-Odyssey and Political Regime Change in Turkey,” South European Society and Politics

• Karlsson. “Turkey’s Historical, Cultural, and Religious Heritage: An Asset to the European Union?” in Turkey and the European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter

• Muftuler-Bac. “The Never-Ending Story: Turkey and the European Union,” Middle East Studies

SUGGESTED:Canan-Sokullu, “Turcoscepticism and Threat Perception: European Public and Elite Opinion on Turkey’s Protracted EU Membership,” in Turkey and the European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter; Dyson, “Reinventing Europe? Turkey, European Union Accession and Europeanization,” in Turkey and the European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter; Eren-Erdogmus et al. “Internationalization of Emerging Market Firms: The Case of Turkish Retailers,” International Marketing Review

Talk: Turkey’s EU Minister EgemenBagis Talks to Al-Jazeera (2012)

WEEK 15: Turkish Mystique: Past and Today

• Ahmad. “Turkey Today and Tomorrow,” The Making of Modern Turkey

• Heper and Toktas. “Islam, Modernity, and Democracy in Contemporary Turkey: the Case of RecepTayyipErdoğan,” The Muslim World

•Insel. “The AKP and Normalizing Democracy in Turkey,” South Atlantic Quarterly

• Kirval. “Identity, Interests, and Political Culture in Turkey’s Accession Negotiations,” in Turkey and the European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter

SUGGESTED:Dogan, “The Historical and Discoursive Roots of the Justice and Development Party’s EU Stance,” Turkish Studies; Smith, “Between Allah and Atatürk: Liberal Islam in Turkey,” The International Journal of Human Rights

• ** Review class TBA **

• ** Take Home Final Exam TBA**