Supplemental Table 3. Review of Studies of Vocal Affective Processing in Schizophrenia
Supplemental Table 3. Review of Studies of Vocal Affective Processing in Schizophrenia and Its Relationship with AVH
SZ vs. HCAuthor / Sample size and features / Subtypes / Method / Results
(Edwards, Pattison, Jackson, & Wales, 2001)40 / 24 HC; 22 FEP SZ; 23 FEP AP; 28 FEP SZ spectrum disorder (a) / N.A. / Behavioral - vocal and facial affect recognition / SZ FEP SZ ≠ HC & AP
(Leitman et al., 2005)35 / 34 HC; 43 SZ/SAD (e) / N.A. / Behavioral - vocal and facial affect recognition / SZ ≠ HC
(Bozikas et al., 2006)39 / 32 HC; 36 SZ (c) / 10 P, 8 U, 18R / Behavioral - vocal affect recognition / SZ ≠ HC
(Matsumoto et al., 2006)130 / 15 HC; 15 SZ (e) / N.A. / Behavioral – vocal affect matching task; musical matching task / SZ ≠ HC; Positive symptoms ↔ impaired vocal affect discrimination
(Leitman et al., 2007)62 / 19 HC; 19 SZ/SAD (e) / N.A. / DTI; Behavioral – vocal affect recognition; pitch perception in common melodies / SZ ≠ HC;
(Sanjuan et al., 2007)118 / 10 HC; 11 SZ AVH (once a day and treatment-resistant) (b) / N.A. / fMRI - vocal affective processing (with emotional words) / SZ ≠ HC
(García-Martí et al., 2008)142 / 19 HC; 18 SZ with AVH(b) / N.A. / Voxel-based morphometry study / AVH ↔ brain structural anomalies
(Leitman et al., 2010)59 / 21 HC; 50 SZ/SAD (e) / N.A. / ERP - auditory processing / SZ ≠ HC
(Nenadic, Smesny, Schlösser, Sauer, & Gaser, 2010)143 / 100 SZ (a) / N.A. / Voxel-based morphometry study / AVH ↔ brain structural anomalies
(Leitman et al., 2011)136 / 28 HC; 23 SZ (a) / N.A. / fMRI - vocal affect recognition / SZ ≠ HC
(Gold et al., 2012)132 / 73 HC; 92 SZ (c) / N.A. / Behavioral – vocal & facial affect recognition; tone discrimination task / SZ ≠ HC
(Jahshan, Wynn, & Green, 2013)137 / 18 HC; 36 SZ (a) / N.A. / Behavioral - vocal affect recognition; ERP - auditory processing / SZ ≠ HC
(Kantrowitz et al., 2013)131 / 41 HC; 41 SZ/SAD (c) / N.A. / Behavioral – emotion recognition in frequency-modulated tones; tone discrimination matching task; vocal affect recognition / SZ ≠ HC
(Pinheiro et al., 2013)41 / 15 HC; 15 SZ (a, c) / N.A. / ERP - vocal affective processing (phrases with/without intelligible semantic content) / SZ ≠ HC
(Tseng et al., 2013)135 / 70 HC; 111 SZ (c) / N.A. / Behavioral – vocal & facial affect recognition / HC ≠ SZ;
Positive symptoms ↔ impaired vocal and facial happiness recognition
(Tucker, Farhall, Thomas, Groot, & Rossell, 2013)133 / 33 HC; 19 First-degree relatives of patients with AVH / N.A. / Behavioral – vocal affect recognition; tone discrimination task / HC ≠ First-degree relatives; Impaired pitch discrimination ↔ AVH proneness
(Dondaine et al., 2014)134 / 23HC; 23SZ (c) / N.A. / Behavioral – intensity ratings (0-100%) of emotional categories in vocal and facial stimuli / SZ ≠ HC;
Positive symptoms ↔ impaired vocal and facial affect recognition
(Pinheiro et al., 2014)38 / 16 HC; 16 SZ (a, c) / N.A. / ERP - vocal affective processing (words with/without intelligible semantic content) / SZ ≠ HC
AVH vs. NAVH
Author / Sample size and features / Subtypes / Method / Results
(Hubl et al., 2004)81 / 13 HC; 13 AVH (current)(d); 13 NAVH (no history) / N.A. / DTI / AVH ≠ NAVH / HC
(Rossell & Boundy, 2005)37 / 26 HC; 20 AVH (current & ≥3score) (a); 20 NAVH (≤1 score) (a) / P; D; / Behavioral - vocal affect recognition (with/without linguistic content) / SZ ≠ HC; AVH ≠ NAVH / HC
(Shea et al., 2007)63 / 31 HC; 38 AVH (past week) (a);
29 NAVH (no history) / N.A. / Behavioral - vocal affect recognition of semantically neutral sentences / AVH ≠ NAVH / HC
(Kang et al., 2009)141 / 28 HC; 14 AVH (once a day, for ≥1 year & ≥3score)(c); 14 NAVH (no current) / N.A. / fMRI - vocal affective processing (laughing and crying sounds) / AVH ≠ NAVH / HC
(Escartí et al., 2010)117 / 31 HC; 27 AVH (once a day and treatment-resistant) (b); 14 NAVH (no history) / N.A. / fMRI - vocal affective processing (with emotional words) / AVH ≠ NAVH / HC
(Alba-ferrara et al., 2013)138 / 16 HC; 15 AVH (current and a ≥3score)(a); 12 NAVH (≤1 score)(a) / N.A. / Behavioral - effects of vocal affect on automatic attention / AVH ≠ NAVH / HC
Note. SZ=schizophrenia; NAVH=without AVH; SAD=schizoaffective disorder; AP=affective psychosis; P=paranoid; U=undifferentiated; D=disorganized; R=Residual; PNOS=psychosis not otherwise specified; SZP=schizophreniform; SZD=Schizoid; FEP= First-episode: N.A. = NON APPLICABLE; AH=auditory hallucinations
a Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms – SAPS (Andreasen, 1984);97b Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales(Haddock et al., 1999);98 c Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale – PANSS(Kay, S R Fiszbein & Opler, 1987);99d Semi-structured interview; e Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale – BPRS (Overall, 1961);100 f Modified version of the Present State Examination(Wing et al., 1990);101 g Topography of Voices Rating Scale(Husting & Hafner, 1990);102 h Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale(Bentall & Slade, 1986);103 i Assessed by case-notes and patients self-report.