Stimson Doctrine the U.S. Would Honor Its Treaty Obligations Under the Nine-Power Treaty

September 1931 DATE: Defying both the Open Door policy and the covenant of the League of Nations, Japanese troops marched into Manchuria, renamed it Manchukuo, and established a puppet government; Showed the League of Nations inability to maintain peace

Stimson Doctrine The U.S. would honor its treaty obligations under the Nine-Power Treaty by refusing to recognize the legitimacy of any regime like "Manchukuo" that had been established by force

Good-neighbor policy A "policy of the good neighbor" toward other nations of the Western Hemisphere; The rise of militarist regimes in Germany and Italy prompted Roosevelt to seek Latin Americans cooperation in defending the region from potential danger

Pan-American conferences (1933, 1936) Pledged never again to intervene in the international affairs of a Latin American country during these; warned that if a European power acted against America, the power would find a war with the Western Hemisphere; FDR repudiated the policy of Theodore Roosevelt

London Economic Conference (1933) Hoover allowed U.S. participation in the League of Nations, and at first so did FDR until proposals to stabilize currency, which FDR feared would hurt American recovery

Recognition of the Soviet Union Roosevelt granted diplomatic recognition to the Communist regime that ruled the Soviet Union; His reasoning was to increase U.S. trade and thereby boost the economy

Tydings-McDuffie Act Provided for the independence of the Philippines by 1946 and the gradual removal of the U.S. military presence from the islands

Cordell Hull Secretary of State; Gave the President power to reduce U.S. tariff up to 50% for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for U.S. imports As a means of increasing international trade

Fascism The idea that people should glorify their nation and their race through an aggressive show

Benito Mussolini Led Italy's Fascists party; attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalists, and those afraid of rising communism; The party became the dominant ideology in European dictatorships in the 1930s

German Nazi Power Led by Adolf Hitler; Reaction to deplorable economic conditions after the war and national resentment over the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler gained control of the German legislature in early 1933

Axis Powers Italy, Germany, and Japan and included capitalists, communism, and fascism; As a result of the debt, death, and destruction from WWI

Isolationism The prevailing opinion of the American people that the United States should not enter into firm commitments to preserve the security of other nations; Americans wanted to make sure that the U.S. would never against be drawn into a foreign war

Nye Committee Concluded that the main reason for U.S. participation in the world war was to serve the greed of bankers and arms of manufacturers; This committee's work influenced isolationist legislation in the following year

Neutrality acts 1: authorized the president to prohibit all arms shipments and to forbid U.S. citizens to travel on the ships of belligerent nations; 2: forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents; 3: forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain; Made to ensure that U.S. policy would be strictly neutral if war broke out in Europe

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) An ideological struggle between the forces of fascism and the forces of republicanism, called Loyalists; Francisco Franco's Fascists prevailed and established a military dictatorship

Francisco Franco Led the fascist party in Spain

America First Committee Led by Charles Lindbergh; To mobilize American public opinion against war, they formed this Committee to travel the country warning against the folly of getting involved a second time in Europe's troubles; Isolationists became alarmed by Roosevelt's pro-British policies

Appeasement Hitler was creating an air force more powerful than anything Britain or France could match, so Britain and France appeased Germany

Ethiopia Mussolini ordered Italian troops to invade this country; The League of Nations and the U.S. objected but did nothing to stop the Italian aggressor, which succeeded in conquering the African country after a year of bitter fighting

Rhineland This region was supposed to be permanently demilitarized according to the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler openly defied the treaty by ordering German troops to march into the Rhineland

Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia The strip of land that Hitler insisted that Germany had a right to take over, where most of the people were German speaking

Munich Synonymous for the word appeasement; Roosevelt encouraged Neville Chamberlain and Edouard Daladier to meet with Hitler and Mussolini in Munich; The British and French leaders agreed to allow Hitler to take the Sudetenland unopposed

Quarantine Speech A speech proposing that the democracies act together to "quarantine" the aggressor in the war between Japan and China; Public reaction to the speech was overwhelmingly negative, and Roosevelt dropped the quarantine idea as politically unwise

Poland; blitzkrieg Britain, France, and the AxisWhat? German tanks and planes began a full-scale invasion of Poland, causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany, and soon afterward Germany had the support of its Axis allies; By June 1940, the only ally that remained free of German troops was Great Britain

Cash and carry Roosevelt persuaded Congress to adopt a less restrictive Neutrality Act, which provided that a belligerent could but U.S. arms if it used its own ships and paid cash; Technically it was neutral, but in practice it strongly favored Britain

Selective Training and Service Act (1940) Provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 35 and for the training of 1.2 million troops in just one year; Isolationists strenuously opposed the peacetime draft, but they were now outnumbered as public opinion shifted away from strict neutrality

Destroyers-for-bases deal Britain received 50 older but still serviceable U.S. destroyers in exchange for giving the U.S. the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean; Roosevelt could not sell U.S. destroyers to the British outright without alarming isolationists

Wendell Wilkie The Republican nomination against Roosevelt in the 1940 election; A lawyer and utility executive with a magnetic personality; He criticized the New Deal, but largely agreed with Roosevelt on preparedness and giving aid to Britain short of actually entering the war; Lost because a fear of war caused voters to stay with the more experienced leader

Four freedoms speech "Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear"; Roosevelt proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of U.S. war materials and justified such a policy because it was a defense of "four freedoms"

Lend-Lease Act (1941) Ended the cash-and-carry requirement of the Neutrality Act and permitted Britain to obtain all the U.S. arms it needed on credit; The majority opinion had shifted toward aiding Britain, and this Act was signed into law

Atlantic Charter Affirmed what Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's peace objectives would be when the war ended; Written on a ship off the coast of Newfoundland; The Atlantic Charter included self-determination for all people, no territorial expansion, and free trade

Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941; Japanese planes from aircraft carriers flew over, bombing every ship in sight; 2,400 Americans were killed, almost 1,200 were wounded, 20 warships were sunk or severely damaged, and about 150 airplanes were destroyed

Office of Price Administration Federal agency; Regulated almost every aspect of civilians' lives by freezing gas prices, wages, and rents and rationing such commodities as meat, sugar, gasoline, and auto tires

Smith v. AllwrightSupreme Court case that ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries

Korematsu v. U.S. Supreme Court case; upheld the U.S. government's internment policy as justified in wartime; In 1988 the federal government agreed that an injustice had been done and awarded financial compensation to those still alive who had been interned

Harry S. Truman Roosevelt's VP; A Missouri senator with a national reputation for having conducted a much-publicized investigation of war spending; Replaced Roosevelt's old VP, Henry Wallace, who was too radical

Battle of the AtlanticBetween Allies and Germans; The Allied troops had crossed the German border for a final push toward Berlin; the Germans launched a desperate counterattack in Belgium

HolocaustAfter Hitler committed suicide because he knew the end of the war was near, the U.S. troops could advance through Germany and see the horrifying extent of the Nazi's program of genocides against Jews and others; As many as 6 million Jews had been systematically murdered in Nazi Germany

Battle of Midway The interception and decoding of Japanese messages that served as the turning point in the war in the Pacific; Enabled U.S. forces to destroy four Japanese carriers and 300 planes

Chester Nimitz American admiral; Adopted the idea of "island hopping," in which they bypassed strongly held Japanese islands and isolated them with naval and air power; Allowed the Allied forces to move rapidly toward Japan

Douglas MacArthur American General; Commanded army units in the southern Pacific; He vowed to return to the Philippines

Manhattan Project Led by Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer; Employed over 100,000 people and spent $2 billion to create the atomic bomb; Began in 1942 and was successfully tested on July 16, 1945; Tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico; Allowed President Truman to call on Japan to surrender unconditionally or face "utter destruction"

J. Robert Oppenheimer Created the atomic bomb as part of the Manhattan Project

Atomic Bomb Created by Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer; created from the splitting of the atom; Allowed President Truman to call on Japan to surrender unconditionally or face "utter destruction"

Hiroshima; Nagasaki An atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and later a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki; resulted in killing about 250,000 Japanese; Within a week after the second bomb fell, Japan agreed to surrender if the Allies would agree to allow the emperor to remain on the throne a titular (powerless) head of state

Big Three The leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain (Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill); Arranged to confer secretly to coordinate their military strategies and to lay the foundation of peace terms

Yalta An agreement after victory in Europe; Established that Germany would not be divided into occupation zones, there would be free elections in the liberated countries of Eastern Europe, the Soviets would enter the war against Japan, the Soviets would control the southern half of Sakhalin island and the Kurile Islands in the Pacific and would also have special concessions in Manchuria, a new world peace organization (the future United Nations) would be formed at a conference in San Francisco

United Nations A peacekeeping organization; The Senate quickly voted to accept the U.S. involvement in the U.N.