Short Questions ENST 403

Short Questions ENST 403:

Lect 1.a. Intro: How are chlorinated dibenzodioxins and PAHs formed. From a commercial standpoint, how are PCBs used? What are some of the human effects from exposure to PCBs. Are there human health effects from phthalate exposures?

2. Energy: What are mathematical definitions for work, velocity, and acceleration? What is the definition of a Joule, and a watt? How can you relate Joules and watts? What is the fractional energy usage of the industrialized world compared to the developing work in 1993? What is old vs. new carbon? Does the combustion of H2 give off CO2?

3. Basics: Mathematically, what is the ideal gas law? For an ideal gas how are pressure and volume related? How are temperature and volume and temperature and pressure related for an ideal gas? What does F= ma mean? In the 1st law of thermodynamics, what are the two components of internal energy? Do work and energy have the same or different units? What is the integral of dx/x? What is a log of a number to base e compared to base 10?

4. Atmos. Compartment: What is bar when used as a measure of pressure. What is the relationship between pressure and altitude? What is the value for the dry adiabatic lapse rate. When the air is moist is the absolute value of the lapse rate higher or lower than the absolute dry adiabatic lapse rate? What is an inversion layer? What is a mixing height? How long is the mean residence time of air in the stratosphere?

5. no short HW

7. Kinetics: What is the difference between the rate of reaction and the rate constant for a reaction? What are the units for a rate constant for a 1st order reaction and an 2nd order reaction.? In reactions, what does half-life mean?; what does life time mean? What is a pseudo-first order reaction? In a kinetic sense, what is a steady-state approximation? The Hammet correlation was originally based on what compound?

8.Stat. O3: What are three types of UV radiation? What is the primary reaction that forms O3 in the stratosphere? Does chlorine react directly with O3 or must the chlorine photolyze first?. How does chlorine monoxide impact the destruction of O3?

9. Aerosols: What it the common measurement used to describe particles and aerosols of different sizes? What is an aerodynamic diameter of a particle? What does PM2.5 stand for? PM10? Approximately how much time do we spend indoors? What are common sources of indoor particles? What are the sizes of particles that find their way into our alveolar lung regions. According to Pope, et all, what is the death rate increase in gong from an annual average of 10 ug/m3 to 30 ug/m3.

10: Smog and O3:. How does the definition of a ppm in air typically differ from a ppm in water. Give an example of a whet chemical method for measuring O3. What is the main difference for the way O3 is formed in the stratosphere vs. the troposphere. What does the reaction of NO + HO2 form. How can HO2 be formed? Do RO2 radicals react with NO? What is PAN? How does nitric acid form in the atmosphere?

13: Chromatography: What are the 3 elements necessary for any chromatographic procedure? What carrier gas it typically used in gas chromatography? Name three types of chromatographic detectors.

Lecture 16. nothing

Lecture 17:

What is the saturated vapor pressure range for most organic toxics in the atmosphere?

What is the difference between solid and liquid vapor pressures?

Write a simple relationship between saturated vapor pressure and temperature?

What is the Antoine equation?

Lecture 18

Define Henry’s law and write an expressions for Henry’s law with units and without units.

What is the range of Henry’s law values in a water solvent for some classes of organic compounds?

Write an equation for Henry’s law in terms of the molar volume, activity coef. and sat. vapor pressure.

Lecture 20 Pesticides ( New book, pages 413 467; old book pages 307-353 Baird)

1. List three of the Pesticides or Fumigants that have been used by ancient societies.
2. What is DDT used for? What compound is it converted to in the environment?
3. How does DDT lead to the demise of insects? Does it affect humans in the same way?
4. What is the difference between DDT, DDE and methoxchlor.; why does methoxychlor have similar insecticide effects as DDT but DDE does not?

Lesson 21 Toxic Heavy Metals(new book pages 661-713, old book pages 516- 558)

Do not hand these in

1. Which of the heavy metals defiantly exhibits bio-magnification in the food chain?

2. What are sources of Hg in the environment?

3. EPA must regulate Hg emissions from Coal burning by what percent by 2018?

4. What are amalgams? Are Hg amalgams used in dentistry?

5. What is the approximate WHO exposure guideline for Hg?

6. What is the source of methylmercury exposure to humans?

7. What is the relationship between Hg in fish and pH?

8. what is the approximate ratio Hg in fish to water?

9. How many drops of pure dimethyl-mercury does it take to kill a human being?

10 What is the most important environmental source of cadmium?

11 What is the greatest source of human cadmium exposure?

12. What is a the lethal dose of Cd to humans

13. How do humans deal with chronic exposure to Cd2+?.

14. Read about arsenic and chromium.