S100: Introduction to Sociology
SOCL 100: INTRODUCTORY SOCIOLOGY
Dr. Musalia
REVIEW SHEET FOR EXAM 5
1. The exam will have not more than (50) questions (excluding bonus questions) comprised of a combination of multiple choice and True/False type questions.
2. The exam will consist of questions drawn from class lectures and all assigned readings.
3. There are basically three types of questions. The questions will test your knowledge skills, definitional skills, and conceptual skills. The definition questions require simple recall of the definition of a term used in the readings or lectures. The knowledge questions are factual items that test your knowledge of the readings or lecture material. The conceptual questions test your ability to apply information learned from the readings/lecture.
Some important terms and concepts
You want to ensure that you familiarize yourself with all the key concepts that we’ve covered so far from class discussion and the Shepard text. Make sure you also read and familiarize yourselves with all the assigned readings from Cargan and Ballantine (Sociological Footprints). In your review, put emphasis (but DO NOT limit yourselves) to the following:
n Health and Health Care (Shepard ch.16, Cargan and Ballantine, article 65). Define the concept of health care system. What are its major components? Be familiar with how the various theoretical perspectives explain the health-care system. What is epidemiology? Know the way diseases are distributed in the United States on the basis of age, gender, race, and social class. What is medicalization of society? Be familiar with the following—Hospitals, managed care, hospices, euthanasia.
n Population and Urbanization (Shepard ch.17). What is Demography? Read about the three population processes (Fertility, Mortality and Migration). Why is the world’s population growing so fast –exponential growth and doubling time? Be familiar with the ideas of Thomas Malthus and the Demographic Transition Theory. What are the principles of population control? What is zero population growth rate and population momentum? Read on the basic concepts of urbanization. What is suburbanization? What are the consequences of suburbanization? Be familiar with the process of world urbanization. Know the various city growth theories. What is urbanism? Distinguish between gemeinschaft and gesellschaft? Who was behind these two concepts?
n Social Change (Shepard, ch.18). What is social change? What are the three processes that contribute to social change? What is the role of technology, population, the natural environment, conflict and ideas in social change? Read on the theories that explain social change. Read on modernization and world-systems theory.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS.
HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE
1. Among highly developed countries, the United States is the only one
A. to require physicians to obtain licenses.
B. without national health insurance.
C. to outlaw osteopathy.
D. without a system for regulating drugs.
E. none of the above.
2. Although they constitute only about a tenth of the health care workers in the
United States, the health care system operates under the primary influence of
A. patients.
B. physicians.
C. nurses.
D. hospitals.
E. consultants.
3. Nursing first became a recognized profession
A. in France during the French Revolution.
B. within the convents of medieval Europe.
C. as a result of World War II.
D. during the nineteenth century.
E. because physicians refused to serve as low-paid assistants for each other.
4. Let’s suppose you contend that illness is a threat to society, and that physicians ought to be important because they treat that threat. Your position would be most consistent with the ideas of
A. conflict theory.
B. ethnomethodology.
C. functionalism.
D. symbolic interactionism.
E. network theory.
5. The complex set of rights and responsibilities associated with biological illness is referred to as
A. the illness syndrome.
B. the sick role.
C. patients’ rights.
D. an instrumental role.
E. an expressive role.
6. According to functionalist theory, physicians are highly regarded because
A. high rewards are necessary to encourage talented people to enter a demanding profession requiring extensive training.
B. medical school enrollments are artificially low, thereby limiting price competition among physicians.
C. health-care systems are reducing specialization, thus increasing their benefits.
D. medicine is a universal need that permeates all modern societies.
E. they are extremely lucky.
7. Let’s suppose you contend that physicians caused themselves to become respected healers largely because they used coercive power to convince us that alternative routes to healing should not be respected. Your position would be most compatible with the ideas of
A. symbolic interactionism.
B. conflict theory.
C. network theory.
D. functionalism.
E. ethnomethodology.
8. Conflict theorists believe that physicians are highly rewarded because
A. high rewards are necessary to encourage talented people to enter a demanding profession requiring extensive training.
B. medical school enrollments are artificially low, thereby limiting price competition among physicians.
C. health-care systems are reducing specialization, thus increasing their benefits.
D. the stress of modern living is causing many illnesses.
E. medicine is a universal need that permeates all modern societies.
9. Let’s suppose that your primary interest as a sociologist involves explaining how physicians learn to be dispassionate and unemotional in the presence of bleeding, suffering, and death. Your interest would most likely be pursued through
A. network theory.
B. functionalism.
C. ethnomethodology.
D. conflict theory.
E. symbolic interactionism.
10. The study of the patterns of distribution of diseases within a population is known as
A. demography.
B. epidemiology.
C. immunology.
D. medical geography.
E. structural medicine.
11. Which of the following is not true of health differences by gender?
A. Males have higher death rates than females at all ages.
B. Males are better than females in handling stress.
C. Males are more likely than females to die in automobile accidents.
D. Males are more likely than females to die of alcohol-related diseases.
E. Females suffer higher rates of acute illness.
12. When a problem that once was defined as personal becomes redefined as medical, we say that the problem has undergone
A. modernization.
B. medicalization.
C. depersonalization.
D. medical hegemony.
E. secularization.
13. Which of the following is not considered a component of the health-care system?
A. physicians
B. patients
C. insurance companies
D. hospitals
E. nurses
POPULATION AND URBANIZATION
14. Shepard argues that knowledge of population trends
A. is less important today than during the early years of the Industrial Revolution.
B. is declining in importance due to the onset of the Information Age.
C. has never been more important than it is today.
D. is important only to government policy makers.
E. is neither more nor less important today than in earlier years.
15. The number of children born to women in the total absence of conscious birth control is known as
A. simple fertility.
B. primary fertility.
C. natural fertility.
D. crude fertility.
E. none of the above.
16. Which of the following best describes contemporary Americans’ attitudes toward reproduction?
A. Fewer American women are having abortions.
B. Fewer Americans are using contraceptives.
C. More American women are having children in their late teens and early twenties.
D. More American women favor smaller families.
E. Fewer American women are having children, and more American women are having fewer children.
17. Which of the following is not a central proposition of the Malthusian perspective on population?
A. Population, if left unchecked, will tend to exceed the available food supply.
B. Checks on population can be positive, such as famines, disease, or war.
C. Checks on population can be preventative, such as sexual abstinence or delayed marriage.
D. For the poor, any improvement in income is lost to additional childbirth.
E. The poor will learn from the rich over time.
18. For Malthus, the solution to the population problem was
A. early marriage.
B. improved contraception.
C. federally financed abortions.
D. universal education.
E. infanticide.
19. A grouping of counties that contains at least one city of at least 50,000 inhabitants or an “urbanized area” of at least 50,000 inhabitants and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000 is called
A. a primary metropolitan statistical area (PMSA).
B. a metropolitan statistical area (MSA).
C. a multiple-county population area (MCPA).
D. an urban habitation region (UHR).
E. a consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA).
20. The most important reason for the growth of cities following the Industrial Revolution was
A. the creation of transportation systems that were not based totally on human labor.
B. the development of the closed-conduit sewer system.
C. the invention of hydroelectric power.
D. the increased use of factories for manufacturing.
E. the invention of the multiple-family dwelling.
21. Cities in developing nations
A. have been growing at about the same rate as cities in industrialized nations.
B. have sufficient labor demand to employ their labor supply.
C. generally include a few large cities, many cities of medium size, and a large base of small cities.
D. changed dramatically with the end of the colonial period after World War II.
E. have managed to avoid the overurbanization characteristic of North American cities.
22. Urban ecology is
A. the study of the relationships between humans and their environments within cities.
B. the study of plant and animal interrelationships within urban areas.
C. the science of city beautification.
D. the study of urban pollution patterns.
E. none of the above.
23. According to concentric zone theory,
A. the lowest-income peasants are likely to live closest to the city’s outer walls.
B. invasion of business activities creates deterioration in the zone of transition.
C. land use in cities is strongly affected by major transportation routes.
D. major government and business activities are dispersed throughout the city.
E. land use in cities does not necessarily follow any pattern.
24. According to sector theory,
A. land use in a city changes according to its distance from the central business district.
B. the highest status people live the furthest from the city’s walls.
C. a city has several separate centers devoted to different uses of urban land.
D. land use in a city is strongly affected by major transportation routes.
E. city boundaries are likely to be as close to circular in shape as possible.
SOCIAL CHANGE
25. The three interrelated processes that contribute to social change are
A. discovery, invention, and innovation.
B. discovery, invention, and diffusion.
C. invention, migration, and diffusion.
D. invention, migration, and innovation.
E. migration, innovation, and evolution.
26. The creation of something new or the reinterpretation of something that is already in existence is referred to as
A. innovation.
B. diffusion.
C. discovery.
D. reincarnation.
E. infusion.
27. When two or more already-existing cultural elements are combined into a new element with new rules for its use as a unique combination, the new element is said to be a product of
A. discovery.
B. diffusion.
C. migration.
D. innovation.
E. invention.
28. Ideas and hardware that are used to reach practical goals are referred to as
A. science.
B. technology.
C. social structure.
D. invention.
E. diffusion.
29. Which of the following statements is characteristic of the relationship between technology and social change?
A. Social change cannot occur without technological development.
B. Technology does not necessarily lead to social change.
C. The effects of technology are similar in all societies.
D. Technology can be viewed as the single cause of social change.
E. Technology has little effect on social change.
30. According to Shepard, the impact of the baby boom in America is a prime example of an entire society being affected by changing
A. socialization intensity.
B. population structure.
C. urban density.
D. industrial capacity.
E. sexual mores.
31. Conflict theory views the major source of instability in society as being
A. evolution.
B. the movement for equal rights.
C. scarcity of desired resources.
D. the political function of society.
E. obligations to the traditional family.
32. The process of social and cultural change that accompanies economic development is known as
A. world-systems analysis.
B. post-industrialization.
C. suburbanization.
D. technological development.
E. modernization.
33. Which theoretical perspective contends that the pattern of a nation’s development largely depends on that nation’s location in the world economy?
A. conflict theory
B. social-economy theory
C. cyclical theory
D. evolutionary theory
E. world-system theory
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