RESSOURCES POUR LES SECTIONS EUROPEENES - ANGLAIS
DNL: HISTOIRE-GEOGRAPHIE
Glossaire de termes généraux
1 GEOGRAPHIE
(* = renvoie à un lien au sein du glossaire)
MOTS CLES / DEFINITION EN ANGLAIS / TRADUCTIONAgeing population*
(see welfare, employment) / It is a population with an increasingly high proportion of people aged 60 years and over. / population vieillissante
Airport*
(see transport) / It is a place where planes take off and land, with air terminal(s) (buildings for passengers to wait in).
⁃Air transport
⁃Low cost airline: a company that takes passengers to different places by plane for very cheap air fares (the price of a journey by plane) / Aéroport
Décoller/attérir
Terminal
Transport aérien
compagnie aérienne à bas prix
prix du transport
Alter-globalists*
(see GATT, WTO) / Miltants whose aim is to oppose‘the perverse effectsof the neoliberal globalisation*’. Their movement was given media prominence during the 1999 World Trade Organisation (WTO)* summit in Seattle where a wide range of organisations protested against the workings of the international economic system. / Les alter-mondialistes
Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)
Area / It is a part of a town or country or of the world: mountainous area/ coastal area/ urban area etc. / Région/Zone: montagneuse/ côtière/urbaine
Biodiversity*
(see conservation area) / It is the variety of fona and flora in a particular place. Some ecosystems such as rainforests and coral reefs are very rich in biodiversity but are disappearing fast. / Biodiversité
écosystème
forêt tropicale
récif de corail
Capitalism / It is the social and economic system which relies on the market mechanism to distribute the factors of production ( land, labour and capital). / Capitalisme
Census*
(see statistics) / It is the official count of a population or of a class of things, usually commissioned by the government. / Recensement
Chart / It is a sheet of information in the form of a table, diagram or a graph.
- Table: a chart that provides information in columns.
- Diagram: a drawing or a graphic representation used to explain a process, an action or a result.
- Graph: usually a line or a curve which shows the relationship between two variable quantities, each measuring along one or a pair of axes at right angles (the line can be represented as a curve, a straight line, a heavy or solid line, a broken line, a dotted line etc).
There are pie charts (a circle divided into several parts. A whole pie represents 100% and a slice or a sector represents a percentage) and bar charts (also called histogram: a chart that uses rectangular shapes side by side horizontally or vertically each represents a different amount or quantity. / Graphique
Tableau
Schéma/ diagramme
Esquisse
Courbe/ droite
en bandes/à points
Camembert/à secteurs
Histogramme
Concervation area*
(seebiodiversity) / It is a protected area for preserving nature or old buildings. The importance of preserving the cultural and architectural heritage of a nation or a city / Réserve naturelle /
patrimoine
Debt / It is the money owed by a country either to another country, private creditors (commercial banks) or international agencies such as the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund (IMF) / Dette
Banque mondiale
FMI
Development / ⁃Development gap: It is the increasing inequality in levels of development between the north and the south.
⁃Poverty: this term is closely linked to development. It means deprivation with respect to income, health, education, social life and environmental quality. It can be devided into absolute and relative poverty.
⁃Human Development Index (HDI): It helps measuring deprivation in three basic dimensions: a long and healthy life, knowlege and a decent standard of living.
⁃Gender-related Development Index (GDI): It measures achievements in the same dimensions and uses the same indicators as the HDI, but examines inequalities between women and men, in other terms, it is HDI adjusted for gender inequality.
⁃G10 Countries: these are the wealthiest and most developed members of the the IMF with high levels of all the indicators.
⁃Oil-rich-countries form another important grouping which is OPEC (the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries) It represents the interests of oil exporters. / Retard de développement
La pauvreté
Index de développement humain (IDH)
niveau de vie
IDH plus le critère d'égalité entre les sexes
Inégalité homme-femme
G10
les plus riches
Pays des petro-dollards
OPEP
District*
(see area, housing) / It is one of the areas a city or town is officially divided into / an area of a city or town where a particular group live or a particular activity happens (the financial district, the theatre district etc. / Arrondissement /
quartier / secteur /
zone
Employment*
(see Rate/Sector, trade unions ) / It refers to the condition of having a paid job. To employ someone is to pay them to work for you (in everyday English, people usually say 'give someone a job' rather than 'employ someone', and 'have a job' rather than 'be employed'. Employer/ employee.
⁃Full employment: a situation in which everyone has a job. Such was the case in post-war Western Europe(thanks to the economic boom). Nowadays it looks rather unlikely to reach full employment/some economists consider it an unrealistic goal(due to present day economic slump)
⁃Full-time employment/part-time employment/to work overtime (extra hours)
⁃Shift work/Night shift etc
⁃skilled/unskilled worker
⁃
⁃Menial (position, task)
⁃Redundancy, dismissal/
⁃redundant/ if an employee is redundant (is made redundant/is fired, get fired, dismissed, sacked) they have been told that they no longer have a job.
⁃ Job seeker/
⁃Job centre: (UK) it is a government office displaying information about available jobs
⁃ Unemployment/unemployed jobless/ job seeker: it is someone who is out of job, especially for a long period/ to be on the dole (UK), to be on unemployment(US): to be receiving money from the government because you do not have a job (on welfare*)
⁃mass unemployment/ rising, falling unemployment/reduce, cut, bring down unemployment / L'emploi
embaucher
un travail
employeur/
employé
le plein emploi
L'après-guerre
prospérité
crise économique
travail à temps complet/partiel
heures sup
travail par équipe
ouvrier qualifié/
non qulifié, servile/subalterne
licenciement/
licencié/ se faire licencier
Chômage/chômeur
Chômage/chômeur
Demandeur d’emploi
Recevoir l'allocation chômage/être au pôle emploi
chômage de masse/montée, baisse du chômage/réduire le chômage
European Integration / It is the process of constructing a united Europe which really began in 1951 when France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands signed the Treaty of Paris, thus forming the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). In 1957 the Treaties of Rome led to the setting up of the Euopean Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). The United Kingdom (UK), Republic of Ireland and Denmark joined the EEC in January 1973. The UK has ever since complained that it contributed more to Europe than it got out especially as far as the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is concerned but agreed to sign the Single European Act (SEA) in 1986 that gave way to the Single Market which dismantled tariff barriers among EC members. As for European citizens, they now have the rignt to live and work in any EEC member country. In 1992 the UK ratified the Treaty on the European Union Known as the Maastricht Treaty. The treaty set out a framework for increased political and economic integration, and led to the EEC 's transformation into the European Union (EU) in 1993, now a union of 27 member states . However the UK managed to opt out of the Social charter. Indeed this part of the Maastricht Treaty deals with the social policy and especially employment protection, that is to say workers' rights. The UK also opted out of joining the monetary union that would lead to the creation of the single European currency (the Euro) on 31st December 1999. / Intégration Européenne
CECA
Traités de Rome
CEE
PAC
Union Européenne
Traité de Maastricht
UE
clause d'exemption
Europe sociale
Union monétaire
Monnaie unique
Fair trade / It is a movement that aims at creating direct long term trading links with producers in developing countries and to ensure that they receive a guaranteed price for their products, on favourable financial terms. / Commerce équitable
pays en voie de développement
Free trade / It is a situation allowing producers to have free and inhindered access to markets everywhere. / Libre échange
GATT / It is an acronym for General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which is an international agreement to reduce barriers to trade such as tariffs, quotas and subsidies. It was established in 1947 and succeeded by the the World Trade Organisation (WTO*) in 1995. / GATT
tarifs douaniers/quotas/ subventions
Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)
Ghetto / It is an area of a city where poor people or a particular ethnic group or social class live. / Ghetto
Globalisation*
(see alter-globalists) / It is the increasing interconnectedness of the world economically, culturally and politically. / Mondialisation
Global warming / It is the general increase in world tempurature caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide around the earth / greenhouse effect. / Rechauffement climatique /
effet de serre
Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) / GDP is the total value of all finished goods and services produced by a country in a year. / Produit intérieur brut
( PIB )
Gross National Product ( GNP ) / GNP is the GDP plus income earned by residents of a country from abroad. / Produit national brut
( PNB )
Gross National Income ( GNI ) / GNI is a new term replacing GNP. / Revenu national brut ( RNB )
Growth / It is an increase in amount, number or size:
⁃Economic growth / strong or slow growth (decline)
⁃Population growth / urban growth: the increase in the number of people living in urban areas. / Croissance
économique/
ralentissement
démographique
Harbour / It is an area of water next to the land where the water is calm so that ships are safe when they are inside it. / Port
Housing (accommodation) / The work of providing dwellings (houses or flats) for people to live in.
⁃Housing crisis/problem: unability of or provision of enough quality housing to meet demand /availability and affordability of housing/ housing tenure, ownership or rental (low income families can't afford the rent or morgage repayments) / carry out schemes of upgrading inadequate accommodation by providing it with sanitation and services of an appropriate standard.
⁃Residential neighbourhoods / posh: quality housing with landscaping, shopping centres etc
⁃Providing low-rent estates (block of flats)/council houses for low income families.
⁃Shanty town: a settlement of buildings of mainly a temporary nature that often lack any legal basis.
⁃Slum: degraded, run-down settlement often refers to inner cities in MEDC* countries(sink estates) and shanty towns in developing (third world ) countries.
⁃Homelessness / the homeless / Logement
Crise /politique de
crédit immobilier
rénovation
Quartiers résidentiels/ chic
immeuble
HLM
bidonville
quartiers sensibles
en voie de développement
Sans abrits
Hub / It is the central and most important of an area, system, activity etc which all the other parts are connected to. / Hub /
centre névralgique
Inner-city area / It is the central part of a city here many poor peopple live. / Quartier difficile/ vieux centre ville
Island / It is a piece of land completely surrounded by water / insular,islander: inhabitant of an island / isle: a word for an island used in poetry or in names of islands ( the British isles ) / archipelago: [ki'p] a group of small islands. / Île
insulaire
Les
îles Britanniques
archipel
Key / It is a list of the signs, colours etc used on a map or technical drawing that explains what they mean. / Clé
Landscape / It is an area of countryside or land of a particular type such as rural, industrial, urban etc landscape. / Paysage
Map / It is a drawing of a particular area , for example a city or country, which shows its main features such as its roads, rivers, mountains etc / a drawing of an area showing some kind of a special feature, for example: weather map, political map, geographical map, relief map etc. / Various cartographic methods present various sorts of maps: a shade map, a dot map, a cartogram. / Plan
Carte
Carte routière
Carte géographique
Carte par points
Carte
en anamorphose , etc
Map features / These can be: area feature ( a plain coloured surface), hatched area ( stripes drawn into a surface), line feature ( fine lines drawn into a surface), point feature (a small spot of colour), border/ boundary/frontier, arrow, direction etc. / Caractéristiques d'une carte
Metropolitan area / It is a very large city and it surroundings. / Métropole
Middle class / It is a social class usually defined as comprising those in non-manual occupations.It includes people who are educated and work in professional jobs, for example teachers or managers/ lower middle class / upper middle class. / Bourgeoisie / classe moyenne
Migration / It is a process in which large numbers of people go to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work.
⁃Migratory flows: the process of being involved in or related to migration, be it emigration or immigration:
⁃Emigration is when people leave their own country in order to live in another country (emigrants / expats).
⁃Immigration is the process of entering another country in order to live there permanently (immigrants/foreigners (the word foreigner can sound negative and not very friendly in everyday English. People often say 'people from other countries'. The same applies to the synonym Aliens which is used in official contexts in the USA, hence Aliens Office/ Alien Registration Card (a Permanent Residents ID before they subsequently get the USA Green Card which is an immigrant visa that provides foreigners who are not American citizens lifetime residence and work permit./ UK: Overseas Visitor Registration office set up forforeign nationals/ international students etc.
⁃Asylum seekers: refers to people who leave their own country because they are in danger, especially for political reasons, and who ask the government of another country to allow them to live there. Synonym: refugees.
⁃Illegal immigrants: (illgals, UK/aliens, US) refers to those who cross the border illegally/come to live in another country without official permission. This is a burning issue in developed countries: 'Is the UE* still a haven ?', 'The UE has had to rethink its immigration policy'. / Migration
Flux migratoires
Emigration
Immigration
étranger
étranger
Demandeurs d'asile
Refugié
Immigration clandestine/
clandestins
question d'actualité
eldorado
repenser/politique d'immigration
Motorway*
(see tranport) / It is a very wide road for travelling fast over long distances (US: highway)
Motorway network / UK: trunk road/secondary road, US: Speedway/ Interstate / Autoroute
Réseau autoroutier
route nationale
route départementale
North-South divide / It is an imaginary line that separates richer countries (the North) from poorer countries (the South)/ also called development gap* / Ecart nord-sud
OECD / It is an acronym for the Organisation for Economic co-operation and Development which is a grouping of the more economically developed nations of the world set up in 1961. / OCED
(Opinion) poll / It is the process of finding out what people think about something / the record of the answers of a group of persons who were asked for their opinion about a specific topic/ Polls aim at judging popularity or predicting outcomes in elections etc / Carry out a poll:conduct/ Go to the polls: vote in an election. / Sondage (d'opinion)
Voter
Participatory development / It is a form of development in which local people are consulted and help plan strategies for development rather than having development imposed on them by outside experts.* (see development) / Développement participatif
Purchasing power / It is the amount of money that a person or a group has available to spend.* (see development) / Pouvoir d'achat
Port / It is a place where ships can be loaded and unloaded / town or city with a harbour or docks whetre ships can be loaded and unloaded. / Port
Charger/décharger
Protectionism / It is the institution of policies such as tariffs or regulations that protect a country's industries from cheap imports. / Protectionisme
Rate / The number of times something happens within a certain period:
⁃Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is defined as the number of live births per 1000 people in a population.
⁃Crude Death Rate (CDR) is defined as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population.
⁃Child Mortality Rate (CMR) is the number of deaths in children aged 1-5 years per 1000 children aged 1-5 years.
⁃Life Expectancy (Eo) is the average number of years that a person can be expected to live, given that demographic factors remain unchanged.
⁃Unemployment* rate is defined as the number of jobless per 1000 people among the working-age-population* in a country. (see 'employment')
⁃ / Taux
de natalité (taux brut)
de mortalité
mortalité enfantine
espérance de vie
taux de chômage
population active
Region*
(see area) / It is a large area of a country or the world. / Région
Scale / It is the relationship between the size of a map and the actual size of the place that it represents ( for example a map with a scale of 1: 300 Km.) / Echelle
Sector*
(see rate/employment) / Informal sector: It is the inregulated, untaxed 'black market economy'.
Primary sector: Employment in agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining.
Secondary sector: Employment in manufacturing and processing industries.
Tertiary sector: Jobs related to services. / L'Economie parallèle
Secteur primaire
Secteur secondaire
Secteur tertiaire
Socialism / It is a political system in which the economy is centrally planned and taxes help redistribute wealth. / Socialisme
Redistribution de la richesse
Slum*
( see housing) / It is an area of a city that is in very bad condition, where many poor people live / Bidonville
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) / These are designed to cut government government expenditure, reduce the amount of state intervention in the economy, and promote liberalisation and international trade. / Programmes d'ajustement structurel
Suburb*
( see housing, transport) / It is an area outside the centre of a city where people live. / Banlieue
Survey*
(see opinion polls) / It is a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to find out about their it opinion or behaviour/ an investigation or an inspection of something. / Enquête / Etude
Sustainable development / It is a devepment that meets he needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. / Développement durable
Statistics / It is numeral data especially in large quantity usually obtained by polls*, surveys* and censuses*. / Statistiques
Trade unions / A trade union is an organisation of employees who have joined together to improve pay and conditions at work.
- Allowances: regular payments made to workers in addition to their basic wages.
⁃Collective bargaining. Negociations between trade unions and employers and often with the government as a third party.
⁃Industrial relations: the relationship between workers and employers.
⁃To go on strike. / Syndicats
Primes
Salaire
Négociations collectives
Les partenaires sociaux
Faire grève
Transport*
(see airport) / Commuters: people who travel a long distance to work every day/ shuttle
The commuter belt
Public transport
Transport by inland/ waterway
Shipping/ sea transport
Railways/railway station
High speed train
Underground (UK)/subway (US) / Banlieusards/faire la navette
la grande banlieue
transport en commun
transport fluvial
transport maritime
chemin de fer/gare
TGV
métro
Trading blocs / A trading bloc is 'an arrangement among a group of nations to allow free trade between member countries but to impose tariffs on other countries who may wish to trade with them'. The European Union (EU)* (see European Integration) is an excellent example of a trading bloc. / Blocs commerciaux
Union Européenne*
Welfare / 'Someone's welfare is their health and happiness'/'help that is provided for people who have personal or social problems': in the US those who are very poor live on welfare/ in the Uk: welfare benefits, services, programmes etc.
The welfare state: it is 'a system in which the government provides money, free medical care etc for people who are unemployed, ill or too old to work' (retired/old age pensioners/Senior citezen (UK) / retirement age, in retirement, to take early retirement.
Social security /free medical care/social insurance etc
The 1942 Beveridge Report was an influential document in the founding of the Welfare state in the UK that identified five "Giant Evils" in society: squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease, and went on to propose widespread reform to the system of social welfare to address these. The Labour Party implemented most of the Beveridge proposals when it won the 1945 general election. / Le bien être
aide sociale
assistanat
L'Etat providence
Protection sociale
retraité
l'age de la retraite
Sécurité sociale/ soins/assurance maladie
(Le rapport de William Beveridge
Les 5 grands maux:
insalubrité/ignorance/pauvreté/chômage/maladie
Le parti travailliste
Working class*
(see trade unions) / It is 'a group of people in society who tradionally do physical work and do not have much money or power'. / Classe ouvrière
World Trade Organisation (WTO) / WTO is an acronym for World Trade Organisation which was established in 1995 as a permanent watchdog with far greater powers to arbitrate trade disputes than its predecessor GATT* / OWC ( Organisation mondiale du commerce)
organisme de régulation
Zone / It is an area that is different from other areas around it in some way (a war zone, no-parking zone etc.)
⁃Free trade zones: these are areas in in which manifacturing does not have to take place in order to gain trading privileges, and thus such zones have become more characterised by retailing. / Zone / Secteur
Zone de libre échange
Commerce de détail/ distribution
2. HISTOIRE