RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

BANGALORE, KARANATAKA

SYNOPSIS FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

1 / NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS / MRS.VAISHALI .P.ATRE
I YEAR M. SC. NURSING
SHRI B.M.PATIL INSTITUTE OF NURSING SCIENCES, BIJAPUR-586103
2 / NAME OF THE INSTITUTION / SHRI B.M.PATIL INSTITUTE OF NURSING SCIENCES, BIJAPUR -586103
3 / COURSE OF THE STUDY AND SUBJECT / I YEAR M. Sc. NURSING
OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGICAL NURSING
4 / DATE OF ADMISSION TO THE COURSE / 04/07/2011
5 / TITLE OF THE STUDY
“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE SELECTED MINOR AILMENTS OF PREGNANCY AND ITS MANAGEMENT AMONG PRIMIGRAVIDA MOTHERS ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINICS OF SELECTED MATERNITY HOSPITALS AT BIJAPUR WITH A VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET.”
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8. / BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
INTRODUCTION
The news of pregnancy excites a woman; she plans everything for the arrival of the new baby with a lot of care and happiness. She plans to eat healthy and also alters her lifestyle to suit her baby best1. The wait to bring a new life surfacing out of our own body is the one that all of us aspire to experience at least once in our life time. This period is called pregnancy 2. Pregnancy is not a disease but it is true to say that a pregnant woman does not feel as normal as when not pregnant: there are some pregnancy related complaints which, when excessive need to be treated most of the common minor ailments can be treated3.
Giving life is powerful. It is vital. Therefore we prepare our body to become a suitable environment for the baby to grow in while staying happy and healthy emotionally and mentally as well. Each week of pregnancy brings with it new changes and feelings that may require some explanation and support1. The anatomical physiological and biochemical adaptations to pregnancy are profound. These changes that the female body undergo during pregnancy begin soon after fertilization and continue through gestation. These changes occur in response to physiological stimuli provided by the foetus and placenta3.
These changes may be unpleasant as well as worrying but they are rarely a cause for alarm as most of these changes are usually normal. These so-called minor disorders or ailments of pregnancy can be troublesome on a day to day basis. Nevertheless these minor ailments are considerably improved by offering a proper explanation and with simple treatments4. Minor ailments are common during pregnancy and non-pharmacological therapies should be considered as the first-line treatment, if appropriate. However, Medication may be required to ensure. The well-being of the mother and prevent Secondary adverse effects to the fetus5.
6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY
Midwifery care is strengthened through the world; even then there is a rise of maternal morbidity mortality rate, because the mothers did not come forward to obtain the care.7 Minor symptoms are very common in pregnancy. The symptoms should be properly assessed in case they represent more serious health problems in the pregnancy7.
Nausea occurs in 80-85% of all pregnancies during the first trimester, with vomiting an associated complaint in approximately 50% of women.8 A minor ailment is very common, and is reported by 50% - 80% of pregnant women. More specifically, 28% of pregnant women experience nausea only, while 52% experience nausea and vomiting. 20% of pregnant women will have no symptoms at all. The symptoms commonly start 5 weeks after conception and end by week 15 in 60% of affected women. 9% of affected women have symptoms persist beyond week 18 of pregnancy8.Back pain in approximately 80% of women who are pregnant, back pain is prevalent. Back pain and the causes in pregnant patients are not entirely understood9. Heartburn is one of the most common gastrointestinal symptoms in pregnant women, with an incidence in pregnancy of 17% to 45%. In some studies, the prevalence of heartburn has been found to increase from 22% in the first trimester to 39% in the second trimester to between 60% and 72% in the third trimester10.
The prevalence of pica in pregnant women has been reported from as low as 0% to as high as 68% in the various groups studied. In general, pica behavior is probably underreported because the ingestion of nonfood items may be seen as either shameful or merely unimportant and “normal11. Constipation is common in pregnant women, and can develop or increase in severity during pregnancy. The prevalence of constipation in pregnancy is reported to be between 11% and 38%12.
Many women experience unpleasant and painful leg cramps during pregnancy. They will be woken in the middle of the night in severe pain as their calf muscles tighten. These are brought on by the physical and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and unfortunately there are no guaranteed cures for them. However there are steps that can be taken that may reduce their incidence and severity.14 Leg cramps have been reported in up to 30% of pregnant women, most commonly in the second and third trimester. They usually affect the calves and occur at night in 75% of cases14.
Prevalence of varicose disease during pregnancy is high, affecting almost 70% of pregnant women. The high prevalence of varicose disease and the associated risk factors suggest the need of providing the health professionals involved in women's health care, especially during the fertile period, with information on this disease15.
Mothers can manage minor events occurring during normal antenatal period, but the mothers need to get appropriate information from the health care providers. Sometimes the mothers will receive information but they do not try to get information even if it is available. For all these what is needed? It is an instinct that comes from them to do all these, that is what is self motivation5 Hence There is a need to identify and assess knowledge regarding minor ailments of pregnancy and its management among primigravida mothers and provide the information.
6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A Review of literature is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge and methodological approaches on a particular topic, the role of the literature review is to formulate and clarify the research problems, to ascertain what is already known in relation to problem of interest, for developing a broad conceptual context, facilitate cumulating scientific knowledge for interpreting the result of the study16
The review of literature is classified under following subheadings:-
1)  Review of Literature related to selected minor ailments during the pregnancy.
2)  Review of Literature related to knowledge regarding minor ailments among primigravida mothers.
1. REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO SELECTED MINOR AILMENTS DURING THE PREGNANCY.
A study was conducted to assess the women’s awareness of minor disorders of pregnancy and danger signs of obstetric complication in a rural district in Tanzania A total 1118 women were interviewed, result reveals that more than 98% of women attend antenatal care at least once half of the women knew about at least one obstetric danger sign and few women knew one or two minor disorders. It shows that the women had low awareness of danger signs of obstetric complication and minor disorders of pregnancy17.
A study was conducted to determine the effect of ginger in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in Isfahan. It was a single blind clinical trial study. The subject included sixty seven pregnant women who complained of nausea and vomiting from Isfahan city hospital. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received ginger 250 mg capsules for four days and the control group received placebo with the same prescription form. The gingers was demonstrated a high rate of improvement than the placebo users (85% versus 56% :P<0.01). The result shows that ginger is an effective herbal remedy for decreasing nausea and vomiting during pregnancy18.
This study was used comprehensive literature review of original research on the nature of back pain/discomfort in pregnancy. The causes of back pain/discomfort in pregnancy are reviewed and discussed, and the clinical manifestations and implications are explored. This analysis revealed that approximately 50% of pregnant women experience back pain/discomfort with little or no intervention from their health care providers. Thus, back pain/discomfort in pregnancy seems to be invisible and forgotten in contemporary antenatal care. Evidence-based guidelines are provided for both women19.
A study was conducted regarding Gastro esophageal reflux disease and management in advanced pregnancy in Germany. A prospective study was conducted among 135 consecutive pregnant women in the third trimester were included in the study. Result reveals that the prevalence for gastro esophageal reflux disease in this unselected population was 56.3%. Among symptom regurgitation was the most frequent with 47.3%, where as heart burn was graded as the most severe symptom. The impact of Gastro oesophageal reflux disease on the quality of life of the pregnant women was significant (P<0.001). 22.9% of the gastro oesophageal reflux disease population required medication. Gastro oesophageal reflux disease in
advance pregnancy requires more attention and better therapeutic management20.
A study was conducted from the objective of the present study was to analyze the occurrence of constipation in 41 normal pregnant women from the Ambulatory of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department at Santa Casa Hospital in São Paulo. A method was used the patients filled a questionnaire with questions related to the frequency of stools, personal habits, symptoms and any other related conditions, before and after pregnancy. The result reveals that overall incidence of constipation was 27.6%, excluding the subjects with previous history21.
The study was conducted to find a suitable alternative in the treatment of the disease. The sample and method was used 217 patients reported leg cramps with different degrees and frequencies among 401 pregnant women in the second half of their pregnancies who visited the Prenatal Clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital from July to December 2002.out come result of this study significant improvement in patients receiving vitamin B with 71% complete and 19% relative relief from leg cramps, compared to 9% complete relief in the control group- 29% and 52% in the groups receiving magnesium and calcium respectively (p<0.0001)22.
A study was conducted on pica practices of pregnant women in Narrobi to determine the characteristics of women who reported practicing pica descriptive study involving use of questionnaire administered in interview format. The finding says that pica prevalence was significant high among the subjects; hence there is need to routinely screen pregnant women for pica during antenatal visit23.
A study was conducted to analyze prevalence so called classical risk factors for varicose vein in patients with this Study consisted of three parts. In the first part the prevalence of risk factors in 130 men and 360 women with VV was compared. In the second part the prevalence of risk factor in 360 women with VV an
162 without varicose vein were compared. In the third part the prevalence of risk factors in pregnant women with and without VV was compared. The age of patients in all groups was comparable. In non pregnant women positive family history (OR 2, 27, p=0,018) and previous pregnancies (OR 2, 05, p=0,046) were associated with presence of varicose vein. Premenstrual aching of lower extremities and obesity were at the border of statistical significance.24
3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE REGARDING MINOR AILMENTS AMONG PRIMIGRAVIDA MOTHERS.
An Non experimental a study was conducted with sample size 30 antenatal mothers attending antenatal outpatient department Sri Ramchandra hospital questionnaires. Where used to assess the knowledge the study was conducted that
most of mothers had in adequate and moderate level of knowledge of minor ailments. And the home remedies during pregnancy the result shows there was significant association between the income and knowledge of minor ailments and home remedies during pregnancy among mothers at the level of P<0.00125,
A experimental a study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on minor disorders of pregnancy and its management among antenatal mothers in Raichure.In this study researcher used one group pre test and post test Quasi experimental design and convenient sampling technique used to achieve objective of study sample size was 40.Data was collected
By using structured interview schedule. Out of 40 antenatal mothers,(19 i.e,47.5%) were fallen in the age group of 21-25 years. Majority of the mothers (31 i.e., 77.5%) obtained information about minor disorders of pregnancy through their relatives. The result shows in pre test majority of antenatal mothers had low knowledge and none of them had high knowledge, were found to be less than the table values at 5% level of significance which implies that there is no significant association was found between the knowledge antenatal mothers regarding minor disorders of pregnancy with selected back ground characteristics.26
6.3  STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
“A study to assess the knowledge regarding the selected minor ailments of pregnancy and its management among primigravida mothers attending antenatal clinics of selected maternity hospitals at bijapur with a view to develop an information booklet.”