Please Note That This Exam Review Does Not Cover Everything That Will Appear on the Test

Please note that this exam review does not cover everything that will appear on the test and not everything on this review will end up on the test. I have not seen the test, so I am just using my knowledge to best prepare you for what will likely be on the test.

1. What are some of the implications of all organisms having similar genetic systems?
2. That all life forms are genetically related
3. That research findings on one organism’s gene function can often be applied to other organisms
4. That genes from one organism can often exist and thrive in another organism
5. All of the above

1. Name and describe the three sub-disciplines of genetics.

1. Name some characteristics of model genetic organisms. Why are they important?

1. Who proposed the concept of cell theory and what is it?

1. Briefly describe pangenesis and germ-plasm theory.

1. Compare and contrast the following terms:
2. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

1. Gene and allele

1. Genotype and phenotype

1. DNA and RNA

1. DNA and chromosome

1. What were the major contributions from the following scientists:
2. Meischer

1. Kossel

1. Levene

1. Chargaff

1. Watson, Crick, Franklin

1. What are Chargaff’s rules?

1. Be familiar with the structure and numbering of the all five bases. Draw an example including the sugar and phosphate.

1. Describe the three levels of DNA structure

1. Describe the structure of DNA. What are the components? What bonds are included?

1. What does competence mean?

1. Define transformation

Important Experiments: Understand the experiment, not just the results. Be prepared to answer questions about what would happen if an aspect of the experiment were changed

1. Outline Griffith’s experiment and the results.

1. How did Avery, Macleod, and McCarty’s experiment test the transforming principle. Outline what they did and their results.

1. Outline the Hershey-Chase experiment.

1. Describe the Meselson and Stahl experiment. Be prepared to interpret their results for all 3 types of replication(conservative, semi-conservative, dispersive)

1. What is supercoiling? How does it come about? What is its purpose? What is the difference between positively supercoiled and negatively supercoiled?

1. What are the 6 points of eukaryotic chromosome packing that we talked about in class?

1. Describe centromeres and telomeres. What are their functions and characteristics?

1. Label the 4 types of chromosomes

1. What is the c-value? Describe the c-value paradox.

1. Describe unique sequence, moderately repetitive and highly repetitive DNA. Include in your answer information about euchromatin and heterochromatin.

1. What are gene families?

1. What proteins are involved in histone formation? Name them and how many of each. How many times does DNA wrap around a histone? How many base pairs does this take? How many base pairs in a nucleosome?

1. Why does DNA attach to histones?

1. Describe the packaging of eukaryotic DNA.

1. Be able to identify the following areas on a diagram of any model of replication.
2. Origin
3. Replication fork(s)
4. Leading and lagging strand(s)
5. Primers
6. Okazaki fragments
7. Template strands
8. Polarity of both template and new strands

1. Bacterial DNA replication takes place in what four stages? For each stage, name the enzymes associated with it.

1. An active replication fork requires 5 basic components. What are they?

Draw the structures of the 4 DNA bases and Uracil

Be able to count chromatid, chromosomes, linear DNA, centromeres, telomeres

Memorize this table