Physiography Is Dominated by the Andes Mountains and the Amazon Basin

SOUTH AMERICA(CHAPTER 5: 222-233)

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES

PHYSIOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS AND THE AMAZON BASIN.

POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY.

CULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY.

REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTERACTION HAS BEEN MINIMAL IN THE PAST.

PLATE TECTONICS (MAP)

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT (MAP AND PHOTO)

PRECIPITATION (MAP)

THE INCA EMPIRE

CULTURE HEARTH- INTERMONTANE BASIN AROUND CUZCO (1200-1535 A.D.)

ALTIPLANOS WERE KEY TO SETTLEMENT PATTERNS.

20 MILLION SUBJECTS AT ITS ZENITH

TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS AND INTEGRATION EFFORTS WERE MOST IMPRESSIVE.

A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED STATE

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND COLONIAL DOMAINS (MAP)

SOUTH AMERICAN CULTURE SPHERES (MAP)

CULTURE SPHERES (TROPICAL PLANTATION) (MAP)

RESEMBLES MIDDLE AMERICA’S RIMLAND

LOCATIONS, SOILS, & TROPICAL CLIMATES FAVOR PLANTATION CROPS, ESPECIALLY SUGAR.

INITIALLY RELIED ON AFRICAN SLAVE LABOR

CULTURE SPHERES (EUROPEAN-COMMERCIAL) (MAP)

THE MOST “LATIN” PART OF SOUTH AMERICA

INCLUDES THE PAMPAS - TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS

ECONOMICALLY MOST ADVANCED

TRANS NETWORKS AND QUALITY OF LIFE ARE EXCELLENT

CULTURE SPHERES (AMERIND-SUBSISTENCE) (MAP)

CORRELATES WITH THE FORMER INCA EMPIRE

FEUDAL SOCIOECONOMIC STRUCTURE PERSISTS

INCLUDES SOME OF SOUTH AMERICA’S POOREST AREAS

SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE MUST CONTEND WITH DIFFICULT ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES.

CULTURE SPHERES (MESTIZO-TRANSITIONAL) (MAP)

SURROUNDS THE AMERINDIAN-SUBSISTENCE REGION

A ZONE OF MIXTURE- CULTURALLY & AGRICULTURALLY

TRANSITIONAL - ECONOMIC CONNOTATIONS

CULTURE SPHERES (UNDIFFERENTIATED) (MAP)

CHARACTERISTICS ARE DIFFICULT TO CLASSIFY.

SPARSELY POPULATED

ISOLATION AND LACK OF CHANGE- NOTABLE FEATURES

DEVELOPMENT OF AMAZONIA MAY PROMPT SIGNIFICANT CHANGES.

SOUTH AMERICAN CULTURE SPHERES (MAP)

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

MERCOSUR

–LAUNCHED IN 1995

–A SOUTHERN CONE COMMON MARKET

–INCLUDES BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY, AND PARAGUAY

ANDEAN COMMUNITY

–INITIALLY FORMED IN 1969 (ANDEAN PACT)

–RESTARTED IN 1995

–MEMBERS ARE VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, PERU, ECUADOR, AND BOLIVIA

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION (CONTINUED)

GROUP OF THREE(G-3)

–FORMED IN 1995

–INCLUDES MEXICO, VENEZUELA, AND COLOMBIA

–A FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION WHICH AIMS TO PHASE OUT ALL TARIFFS BY 2005

NAFTA

–LAUNCHED BY THE US, MEXICO, AND CANADA IN 1995

–SEEKING TO EXPAND INTO SOUTH AMERICA TO INCLUDE CHILE

POLITICAL (MAP)

URBANIZATION

THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIES

THE PERCENTAGE OF A COUNTRY’S POPULATION LIVING IN CITIES

79% - CONTINENT-WIDE IN SOUTH AMERICA

SOUTH AMERICA’s INCREASE BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASE” ANDINTERNAL MIGRATION

THE “LATIN AMERICAN CITY” MODEL

GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY (SCHEMATIC)

 CBD AND COMMERCIAL SPINE

 ELITE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR

 ZONE OF MATURITY

 ZONE OF IN SITU ACCRETION

 ZONE OF PERIPHERAL SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS

 DISAMENITY SECTORS

URBAN SCENE (PHOTO)

CARTOGRAM