Online Supplement: Study Details, Including Authors, Participants, and Neuropsychological Tests for Articles included in the Meta-Analysis
Authors and Year / Country Where Study Conducted / First Episode Group / Control Group / Matching of FE and Control Samples / Neurocognitive Tests Included in Meta-AnalysisN / Age / % Male / Diagnosis / % Treated with antipsychotic medication / N / Age / % Male
Addington, Saeedi, & Addington, 2005 / Canada / 213 / 24.3 / 68.1 / 1,2 / 98.0 / 66 / 22.7 / 57.6 / 1, 2, 3 / COWAT – (L,C); LM (Im, Del), LNS subtests from WMS-R; RAVLT (SUM, LDFR); ROCFT (C, Im); WCST (C, PE); TMT - A, B; CPT- DS
Addington & Addington, 2008 / Canada / 50 / 25.1 / 60 / 1,2 / 82.0 / 55 / 21.7 / 60 / 1, 2, 3 / AIPPS
Albus et al., 1996 / Germany / 40 / 30.9 / 60 / 1 / 100 / 40 / 30.7 / 60 / 1, 2, 3, 7 / CPT (Rosvold) (FA, DP)
Albus et al., 2006 / Germany / 71 / 29.7 / 50.7 / 1 / 100 / 71 / 29.9 / 50.7 / 1, 2, 3, 7 / COWAT – (L, C); I, S, BD, DS, DSym, PC subtests from WAIS-R; LM (Im, Del), VPA, VR (Im, Del) subtests from WMS-R/CMS; WCST (C, PE); Stroop (CW); TMT - B
Ayres et al., 2007 / Brazil / 98 / 30.6 / 57.1 / 1,2 / N/A / 383 / 32.1 / 47.3 / N/A / COWAT – (L); DS subtest (forward & backward) from WMS-III
Bertrand et al., 2007 / Canada / 36 / 22.8 / 64.0 / 1, 2, 3 / 89.0 / 25 / 24.2 / 52.0 / 1, 2, 7 / FSIQ & DS subtest from WAIS-III; Stroop (C, W, CW); HVLT-R (SUM); TMT – A, B; Four Factor Test of Social Intelligence; Hinting Task
Bilder et al., 2000 / U.S. / 94 / 25.7 / 58.5 / 1, 3 / 90.0 / 36 / 25.3 / 66.7 / 1, 2, 5 / WAIS-R; COWAT – (L, C); BNT; WRAT-R; LM (Im, Del), VR (Im, Del) from WMS-R; CVLT (SUM, LDF); ROCFT (Del); FT; GP; WCST (PR); TMT – A, B
Boksman et al., 2005 / Canada / 10 / 22.0 / 90.0 / 1 / 0 / 10 / 23.0 / 90.0 / 1, 2, 5, 8 / Letter Fluency (experimental modification for fMRI)
Brickman et al., 2004 / U.S. / 18 / 15.6 / 50.0 / 1 / 0 / 17 / 16.9 / 52.9 / 1, 2 / NAART; COWAT – (L); BNT; FT; BD, DS subtests from WISC-III; ROCFT (C); Stroop (CW); TMT – A, B; WCST (C, PR)
Caspi et al., 2003 / Israel / 44 / 22.5 / 75.0 / 1 / 100 / 44 / 23.2 / 75.0 / 1, 2, 9 / A, S (Israeli-adapted translations)
Chan et al., 2006 / China / 78 / 28.5 / 62.8 / 1 / 0 / 60 / 27.9 / 31.7 / 2, 3, 4 / WAIS-III short form; LM (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-III/CMS; WCST (C, PE); TMT – A, B; HSCT
Cosway et al., 2002 / Scotland / 15 / N/A / 66.7 / 1 / 100 / 30 / N/A / 50.0 / 1, 2 / CPT-IP; NART
Eastvold, Heaton, & Cadenhead, 2007 / U.S. / 14 / 21.5 / 53.0 / 1 / 73.0 / 35 / 21.8 / 53.0 / 1, 2, 5, 8, 10 / Stroop (C, CW); HVLT-R (SUM); WCST (PR); BD, V subtests from WAIS-III
Edwards, Pattison, Jackson, & Wales, 2001 / Australia / 29 / 22.3 / 75.9 / 1 / 86.2 / 24 / 21.5 / 62.5 / 2, 3 / WAIS-R; Facial Affect Recognition Task; Prosody Task
Fitzgerald et al., 2004 / Australia / 53 / 19.2 / 69.8 / 1, 2 / 89.0 / 31 / 17.1 / 51.6 / 3, 4 / WRAT-3 (WR); Conners’ CPT; TMT – A, B; FSIQ & DS (forward), BD subtests from WAIS-III/ WISC-III; RAVLT (SUM, LDFR); LM (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-III; WCST, ROCFT (C, Del); COWAT – (L, C)
Galinska et al., 2007 / Poland / 30 / 22.5 / 66.7 / 1 / 96.7 / 19 / 22.5 / 68.4 / 1, 2, 3 / WCST (C, PE, TE)
Goldberg et al., 2007 / U.S. / 104 / 23.9 / 72.0 / 1, 2, 3 / 23.0 / 84 / 27.9 / 41.0 / N/A / WRAT-3 (WR); CVLT (SUM); LM (Im), VR (Im), DS subtests from WMS-R; DSym subtest from WAIS-R; JOLO; COWAT – (C); WCST (PE); CPT-IP
Gonzalez-Blanch et al., 2007 / Spain / 77 / 26.3 / 61.0 / 1 / 100 / 28 / 25.9 / 46.4 / 1, 2 / V, S, I, C, DSym, DS (forward & backward) subtests from WAIS-III; RAVLT (SUM, LDFR, H/D); ROCFT (C, Im, Del); GP; FT;
CPT-DS; TMT – A, B; COWAT – (C)
Herbener, Hill, Marvin, & Sweeney, 2005 / U.S. / 13 / N/A / N/A / 1 / 0 / 13 / N/A / N/A / 1, 2, 8 / WASI; Penn Computerized Neuropsychological Battery
Hill, Beers, Kmiec, Keshavan, & Sweeney, 2004 / U.S. / 62 / 26.3 / 58.1 / 1, 3 / 0 / 67 / 28.0 / 55.2 / 1, 2, 4, 7 / CVLT (T1, T5, SUM, SC, SDF, SDC, LDF, LDC, H/D); Ammons’ Quick Test
Hoff et al., 1998 / U.S. / 58 / 28.1 / 70.7 / 1 / N/A / 74 / 28.2 / 75.7 / 1 / WRAT-R (WR); VIQ & I, S, V subtests from WAIS-R; COWAT – (L); BNT; LM (Im, Del), VR (Im, Del) subtests from WMS-R; CVLT (T1, T5, SUM, SC, SDF, SDC, LDF, LDC, H/D); Stroop (W, C, CW); TMT – A, B; WCST (C, PE); FT; BVRT
Holthausen et al., 2003 / Netherlands / 118 / 23.3 / 73.7 / 1, 2, 3 / 85.0 / 45 / 24.0 / 84.4 / 1, 2 / Stroop (C, W, CW); TMT – A, B; ROCFT (Im, Del); CVLT (SUM, SC, LDF); Double stimulus CPT; Category Fluency
Hong et al., 2002 / South Korea / 17 / 29.9 / 52.9 / 1 / 0 / 24 / 27.6 / 45.8 / 1, 2, 3, 4 / V subtest from KWAIS-R; Continuous Attention Test; Vigilance Test; Reaction Unit Test
Hutton et al., 2004 / U.K. / 109 / 25.3 / 78.9 / 2 / 87.0 / 59 / 26.1 / 71.2 / 1, 2, 4 / NART; FSIQ from WAIS-R (4 subtest short form)
Ilonen et al., 2000 / Finland / 27 / 33.0 / 37.0 / 1 / 78.0 / 27 / 33.0 / 63.0 / 2, 3 / FSIQ from WAIS-R (Finnish translation); WCST (C, PE)
Joyce et al., 2002 / U.K. / 136 / 25.7 / 78.7 / 2 / 90.0 / 81 / 26.1 / 60.5 / 2 / CANTAB – Spatial Span; NART
Krieger, Lis, Cetin, Gallhofer, & Meyer-Lindenberg, 2005 / Germany / 12 / 24.6 / 50.0 / 1, 2 / 0 / 12 / 25.8 / 50.0 / 1, 2, 3, 5 / N-Back Choice Reaction, Continuous Delayed Reaction and Continuous Matching tasks
MacDonald et al., 2005 / U.S. / 18 / 27.5 / 72.2 / 1, 3 / 0 / 28 / 25.4 / 64.3 / 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10 / Modified version of AX-CPT
Mathes et al., 2005 / Australia / 55 / 22.0 / 72.7 / 2 / 87.3 / 56 / 25.0 / 71.4 / 1, 5 / NART
Mendrek et al., 2004 / Canada / 8 / 30.0 / 75.0 / 1 / 100 / 8 / 28.0 / 75.0 / 1, 2, 4, 7 / Ammons’ Quick Test; Experimental N-Back Working Memory task
Mohamed, Paulsen, O'Leary, Arndt, & Andreasen, 1999 / U.S. / 94 / 26.1 / 56.4 / 1 / 22.0 / 305 / 25.5 / 53.1 / 2, 8 / Stroop – (CW, CWI); WAIS-R; TMT -A; WCST (C, PE); Experimental auditory CPT; ROCFT (C, Im, Del); FT; BVRT; RAVLT (T5, LDFR, H/D); COWAT – (L); LM (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-R
Moritz et al., 2002 / Germany / 30 / 28.6 / 70.0 / 1, 2 / 100 / 30 / 32.3 / 66.7 / 1, 2, 3 / COWAT – (L); MWT-B; Stroop (CWI); WCST (C, PE); RAVLT (T1, T5, LDFR); DSym, DS (forward & backward) subtests from WAIS-R; TMT – A, B; Creative Verbal Fluency
Nuyen, Sitskoorn, Cahn, & Kahn, 2005 / Netherlands / 43 / 25.4 / 81.4 / 1, 2 / 81.0 / 43 / 25.0 / 76.7 / 1, 2, 4, 5, 8 / FSIQ estimate from V & BD subtests from WAIS-R; NART; CVLT (SUM, SC, LDF)
Ohrmann et al., 2007 / Germany / 15 / 27.0 / 66.7 / 1 / 0 / 20 / 28.1 / 65.0 / 2 / V subtest from WAIS-R
Pedersen et al., 2008 / Germany / 37 / 28.3 / 78.0 / 1 / 95.0 / 37 / 30.0 / 76.0 / 1, 2, 3, 4 / RAVLT (SUM, LDFR, H/D); MWT-B
Pinkham et al., 2005 / U.S. / 23 / 22.7 / 56.5 / 1, 2 / N/A / 21 / 24.6 / 52.4 / 1, 2, 5, 10 / Face Emotion Discrimination Task
Pukrop et al., 2006 / Germany / 86 / 29.8 / 60.5 / 1 / 35.0 / 179 / 29.2 / 44.7 / 2 / WCST (TE); RAVLT (T1); Spatial Working Memory Delayed Response task; CPT-IP; Pattern Recognition (visual backward masking); MWT-B
Riley et al., 2000 / U.K. / 40 / 24.6 / N/A / 1, 2, 3 / 62.5 / 22 / 26.7 / N/A / 1, 2, 5, 7, 10 / DSym subtest from WAIS-R; CPT-IP; Stroop (W, CW); COWAT – (L, C); TMT – A, B; WCST (C, PE); JOLO; FT; VR (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-R; RAVLT (T1, SUM, LDFR, H/D)
Rodriguez-Sanchez et al., 2005 / Spain / 80 / 25.7 / 68.8 / 1, 2, 3 / 100 / 22 / 26.1 / 54.6 / 1, 2, 3, 4 / VIQ & DS (backward) subtest from WAIS-III; COWAT – (L)
Rybakowski & Borkowska, 2002 / Poland / 21 / 22.0 / 57.1 / 1 / 0 / 20 / 49.0 / 50.0 / 1 / Stroop (W, CW); TMT – A, B; WCST (PE)
Salgado-Pineda et al., 2003 / Spain / 13 / 23.8 / 100 / 1 / 0 / 13 / 23.4 / 100 / 1, 2, 8 / CPT-IP (Salgado-Pineda modification)
Saykin et al., 1994 / U.S. / 37 / 28.6 / 62.2 / 1 / 0 / 131 / 27.1 / 58.1 / 2 / COWAT – (L, C); WRAT-R (WR); BNT; WAIS-R; CPT (Gordon Systems); Sentence Repetition; LM (Im, Del), VPA (Im), VR (Im, Del) subtests from the WMS-R; CVLT (SUM); FT; CPT; WCST (C, PE); TMT – A, B; Stroop (C, W, CW)
Schuepbach, Keshavan, Kmiec, & Sweeney, 2002 / U.S. / 21 / 27.7 / N/A / 1, 3 / 0 / 24 / 24.5 / 62.5 / 1, 2, 7, 8, 10 / WRAT-R (WR); DS, DSym subtests from WAIS-R; TMT – A, B; JOLO; GP; FT; VR (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-R; CVLT (SUM, SDF, SDC, LDF, LDC, H/D); COWAT – (L)
Tan, Choo, Fones, & Chee, 2005 / China / 11 / 25.0 / 45.5 / 1 / 100 / 11 / 25.9 / 45.5 / 1, 2, 3 / Working Memory Maintenance of Letters Task
Wang et al., 2007 / China / 112 / 22.5 / 53.6 / 1 / 0 / 452 / 34.0 / 48.9 / 5 / CPT-37
Wood et al., 2002 / Australia / 37 / 21.3 / 73 / 2 / 100 / 41 / 28.7 / 63.4 / 1 / CANTAB Spatial Span; NART; FSIQ from WAIS-R
Wood et al., 2007 / Australia / 33 / 21.4 / 85.0 / 2 / 100 / 47 / 22.7 / 66.0 / 1 / NART; LM (Im) subtest from the WMS-R; FSIQ (4 subtest short form) & DS (backward) subtest from WAIS-R
Note:
N/A = Data was not available in the study article.
For Diagnoses, coding is as follows: 1 = Schizophrenia, 2 = Schizophreniform Disorder, 3 = Schizoaffective Disorder
For Matching of FE and Control Samples, coding is as follows: 1 = Gender, 2 = Age, 3 = Education, 4 = IQ or estimates, 5 = Handedness, 6 = Family History, 7 = Parental SES, 8 = Parental Education, 9 = Country of Birth, 10 = Race
Test Names : A = Arithmetic; AIPPS = Assessment of Interpersonal Problem Solving; BD = Block Design; BNT = Boston Naming Test; BVRT = Benton Visual Retention Test; CANTAB = Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery; CCIM = Comprehension of Complex Ideational Material; CMS = Children’s Memory Scale; COWAT (L, C) = Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Letter and Category Fluency); CPT = Continuous Performance Test; CPT-DS = Continuous Performance Test - Degraded Stimulus; CPT-IP = Continuous Performance Test – Identical Pairs (Cornblatt); CVLT (T1, T5, SUM, SC, SDF, SDC, LDF, LDC, H/D); = California Verbal Learning Test (Trial 1, Trial 5, Sum of Trials 1-5, Semantic Clustering, Short Delay Free Recall, Short Delay Cued Recall, Long Delay Free Recall, Long Delay Cued Recall, Hits/Discriminability Index); DMS = Delayed Match to Sample; Dot Test = Dot Test of Visual-Spatial Working Memory; DS = Digit Span; DSym = Digit Symbol; FSIQ = Full Scale Intelligence Quotient; FT = Finger Tapping; GP = Grooved Pegboard; HAWIE-R = German version of the WAIS; HSCT = Hayling Sentence Completion Test; HVLT-R(SUM) = Hopkins Verbal Learning Test – Revised (Sum of Trials 1-3); I = Information; JOLO = Benton Judgement of Line Orientation; KWAIS-R = Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised; LM (Im, Del) = Logical Memory, Immediate and Delayed Recall; LNS = Letter Number Sequencing; MR = Matrix Reasoning; MWC – Mesulam-Weintraub Cancellation; MWT-B = Multiple Choice Vocabulary Intelligence Test; MMSE = Mini Mental Status Exam; NAART = North American Adult Reading Test; NART = National Adult Reading Test; NAT = Numerical Attention Test; OA = Object Assembly; PC = Picture Completion; QLS = Quality of Life Scale; RAVLT (T1, T5, SUM, LDFR, H/D) = Rey Auditory Learning Test (Trial #1, Trial #5, Sum of Trials 1-5, Long Delay Free Recall, Hits/Discriminability); ROCFT (C, Im, Del)= Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test, Copy, Immediate and Delayed Recall; RPM = Raven’s Progressive Matrices; S = Similarities; SB-WF = Stanford Binet Word Fluency; SFS = Social Functioning Scale; SPAN = Span of Apprehension; SS = Spatial Span; Stroop (C, W, CW, CWI) = Stroop (Color, Word, Color/Word, Color/Word Interference); TFST = Thumb Finger Sequential Touch; TMT – A, B = Trail Making Test, forms A and B; TT = Token Test; V = Vocabulary; VIQ = Verbal Intelligence Quotient; VPA = Verbal Paired Associates; VR (Im, Del) = Visual Reproduction, Immediate and Delayed Recall; WAIS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WAIS – R = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised; WAIS – III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition; WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WCST (C, PE, TE, PR) = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Categories Achieved, Perseverative Errors, Total Errors, Perseverative Responses); WISC = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WMS = Wechsler Memory Scale; WMS-R = Wechsler Memory Scale – Revised; WMS – III = Wechsler Memory Scale – Third Edition; WRAT-R (WR) = Wide Range Achievement Test – Revised (Word Reading subtest); WRAT-3 (WR) = Wide Range Achievement Test – Third Edition (Word Reading subtest).
References included in the meta-analysis
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