One of the Key Aspects of Science, Part of What Makes Science Science Is ?

1. List 4 criteria of living organisms.
   

1. List 3 sources of information regarding human biology.
   

1. One of the key aspects of science, part of what makes science – science is…?

1. Describe (briefly) the following…
   
2. categorical research
   
3. correlative research
   
4. experimental
   

1. There are 2 branches of research – basic and applied – testing a drug on animals would be considered which type of research?

1. What 2 types of reasoning are involved in the scientific method?

1. What is the role of statistics in research/science?
   

1. What is anecdotal evidence?

1. What is peer review?

1. What is one suggestion for evaluating someone’s findings/claims for validity?

1. Substance Z has 24 protons and 26 neutrons
   Atom number =
   Atom mass =
   Number of electrons =
   

1. Why do 2 hydrogens and one oxygen form into H2O?
   O H*

1. Draw the covalent bond arrangement of H2O.
   

1. Name 2 other types of chemical bonds.
   a.
   b.
   

1. The magic number for most atoms is 8. What is meant by this?

1. Which of the following is an element?
   a. O2b. CO2c. PO4d. C6H12O6

1. Which of the following are organic?
   a. dog hairf. H2O
   b. C6H12O6g. whale blubber
   c. NaClh. silicone chip
   d. meati. CO2
   e. graphitej. plastic

1. If 100 HCl molecules are put into a cup of water, how many H+ will you get?
   What if 100 H2CO2 are put in a cup of water, how many H+ will you get?
   

1. Assume the pH of solution X is 8.4.
   Is this basic or acidic?
   If HCl is added without a buffer, the pH will be ______.

1. An ion is a ______particle (atom or compound).

1. Free radicals have an unpaired ______. They can be “neutralized” by substances called ______.

1. Protein_____a. C6H12O6
2. Lipids_____b. amino acids
3. CHO’s_____c. cholesterol
4. Nucleotides_____d. sugar
   e. peptide
   f. nitrogen base & phosphate
   g. fats & oils
   h. DNA

1. Make 2 polymers of □ (use 4 □)
   

1. Name a mono-, di-, and polysaccharide.
   

1. Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
   a. sucroseb. glycogenc. fructosed. a & b

1. Is the following a steroid?
   

1. Briefly explain the two parts of the cell theory.
   

1. Cyto means…
   

1. Rank from smallest to largest…eukaryotic, virus, prokaryotic
   

1. Which kingdom has prokaryote cells?
   a. monera
   b. animal
   c. protista
   d. a & c

1. Humans are made of ______cells.
   a. prokaryote
   b. eukaryote
   

1. T/F – The plasma membrane is the same as a cell wall.
   

1. Sketch a portion of the plasma membrane.

1. ______is defined as movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
   a. osmosis
   b. active transport
   c. diffusion
   d. facilitated diffusion
   

1. Active Transport______a. req. ATP
   Passive Diffusion______b. reg. carrier protein
   Facilitated Diffusion ______c. reg. concentration gradient
   d. O2
   e. glucose
   f. Na+ (sodium)
   

1. Mitochondria_____a. makes protein
   Endoplasmic Reticulum_____b. “packages” (verb)
   Rough Endop. Reticul._____c. makes ATP
   Golgi body_____d. makes lipids
   Vacuoles_____e. stores “stuff”
   

1. microtubule_____a. straw
   microfilament_____b. pipe cleaner

1. Interphase
   

1. Anaphase
   

1. first formed
   but not showing
   

1. shows up – can be seen in microscope
   

1. Telophase
   

1. Draw Metaphase
   

1. Explain what happens during S phase.
   

1. S stands for…
   

1. G stands for…

1. a. anaphase
   b. prophase
   c. interphase
   d. metaphase
   e. telophase
   

1. Cytokinesis occurs during what phase?
   

1. Do chromosomes exist during early interphase? Y/N

1. _____ “gray” mattera. epithelial
   
2. _____ Achilles tendonb. muscle
   
3. _____ myocardiumc. connective
   
4. _____ surface of skind. nerve
   
5. _____ sciatic n.
   
6. _____ pancreas
   
7. _____ skin
   
8. _____ lining of throat
   
9. _____ contractile tissue of intestine
   
10. _____ spinal cord
    
11. _____ inside of veins
    
12. _____ biceps
    
13. _____ knee cartilage

1. _____ liver
   
2. _____ spinal discs
   
3. _____ ear (framework)

1. _____ lungs

1. _____ Pituitary gland

1. _____ surface of skina. keratin
   
2. _____ nerve endingsb. epidermis
   
3. _____ hairc. dermis
   
4. _____ subcutaneous fatd. hypodermis
   
5. _____ nails
   
6. _____ blood vessels
   
7. _____ sweat glands
   

1. List 2 roles of skin.
   a.
   b.
   

1. _____ lubricate haira. sweat glands
   _____ dissipate heatb. apocrine glands
   _____ personal scentc. sebaceous glands
   

1. Surface area of skin is ~ ______.
   a. 0.5 m2
   b. 2.0 m2
   c. 4.0 m2
   d. 6.0 m2
   

1. List 2 roles of the skeletal system.
   a.
   b.
   

1. Bone “tissue” is composed of ______, ______, and
   ______.
   

1. Bones start out as ______“tissue.”

1. Osteoblasts ______!
   

1. Joints typically include ______, ______, and
   ______.
   

1. A sprain is damage to ______.

1. A strain is damage to ______.

1. Label the following:
   

1. What makes up the CNS?
   

1. One word description:
   Somatic N.S.______
   Autonomic N.S.______
   Sympathetic N.S.______
   ParasympatheticN.S.______
   

1. + + + + + + +Rest Potential
   ------=
   ------______V
   + + + + + +
   

1. Draw the above with thePotential
   middledepolarized =>=______V
   

1. Muscle cell = muscle ______
   

1. Put the following events in the correct order
   _____ Ca+2 released
   _____ Impulse sent from nerve
   _____ Travels along T- tubules
   _____ Crosses NM junction
   _____ Myofibrils overlap
   _____ Travels along sarcolemma
   

1. Which of the above is contraction/shortening?
   

1. What is "bundles of bundles" all about?
   

1. What is "bounded and bounded" all about?
   

1. How does impulse get across the synapse?
   

1. What is the primary muscle used for breathing?
   

1. When does this muscle (from #1) contract?
2. inspiration
3. expiration
4. both

1. When one "breaths in" the muscle (from #1) moves up or down in the chest cavity?
   

1. If ambient pressure is 500 mm Hg and intrapulmonary pressure is 460 mm Hg then air will move from ______to ______.

1. Based on the conditions described in the table determine the (value/number for) the following…

1. PYO2 =
   
2. PXN2=
   
3. PXCO2=
   
4. O2 will diffuse from ______to ______.
   
5. N2 will diffuse from ______to ______.

1. FYCO2 = ______

compartment X

compartment Y

1. What determines whether or not a gas will diffuse (move)?
2. total air pressure
3. partial pressure
4. neither
5. both

1. The key regulator of breathingis _____.
   a. O2
   b. CO2
   c. lactic acid

1. VE can by as much as ~ _____ times resting VE during exercise.
   

1. 
   P = 10P = ______Why?

1. By the time air reaches the alveoli (deep in the lungs) it is conditioned to be:
   ______
   ______
   ______

1. Which tube will have greater resistance to flow? Why?
   a.
   b.
   c.
   

1. What are the components of the pulmonary circuit of the CNS?
   

1. Why does CO2 leave muscle and go to the blood?
   

1. Normal blood pressure is
   

1. Pacemaker of the heart is the ______node.
   

1. Cardiac output ______() with exercise.
   

1. During exercise the % of blood
   flow to muscle ______()
   flow to brain ______()
   

1. Changes in distribution of blood flow is mediated via ______.
2. arteries
3. capillaries
4. arterioles

1. ______a. Left Atria
   Order of Blood Flowb. Left Ventricle
   c. Right Atria
   d. Right Ventricle
   e. Lungs (Pulm. circuit)
   f. Body (Systemic circuit)
   

1. List 2 points about the valves of the heart:
   
2. 
   
3. 
   

1. List 2 points about coronary arteries:
   
2. 
   
3. 
   

1. 
   This is called a/n ______.
   It is important because:
   

1. An arrhythmia is a/an…
   

1. _____ determine blood flow distributiona. arteries
   _____ high oxygenb. arterioles
   _____ carry blood toward heartc. veins
   _____ high pressure
   

1. What is the name of the heart muscle?
   

1. List the 4 chambers of the heart – in the order in which blood flows through them.

1. What is the purpose of the valves in the heart?
   

1. The coronary arteries supply blood to the ______. (Don't say heart!)

1. The pacemaker of the heart is known as the ______.

1. What makes the heart sounds (lub dub)?
   

1. What is this called…

1. What does is "measure"?

1. Generally, what is it used for?

1. Name the two basic ways that heart rate can be altered
   

1. ______Leucocytesa. histamine
   ______Neutrophilsb. antibodies
   ______Monocytec. most WBC
   ______B Lymphocyted. W.B.C. (white blood cells)
   ______Basophile. mast cell
   ______T Lymphocytef. plasma cell
   g. cell mediated immune
   h. helper & killer
   

1. ______Inflammationa. proteins
   ______Natural killer cellsb. released when virus infects cells
   ______Interferonc. heat, red, swollen
   ______Compliment systemd. first line of defense

1. How do antibodies work? Give 1 example.
   

1. What is the role of macrophages:
   

1. What are the basic steps of humoral (aka B cell) mediated immunity

1. If a person has memory cells, one could also say that they are…
   

1. A person with type AB blood has what protein(s) on their RBC surface?Are these considered antigens?

1. _____ Bowman’s Capsulea. carries fluid to bladder
2. _____ Ureterb. tuft/ball of capillaries
3. _____ Nephronc. functional unit of kidney
4. _____ Urethrad. capillaries that surround tubules
5. _____ Glomeruluse. carries fluid out of bladder
6. _____ Tubulesf. collects filtrate from blood
7. _____ Peritubular capillariesg. where filtrate is made into urine
   

1. Kidney influences
2. temperature
3. blood pressure
4. pH
5. b & c
   

1. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) will  or  urine formation?

1. Name 1 process involved in urine formation:

1. _____ Moutha. store food
   _____ Stomachb. digestion
   _____ Small Intestinec. removes H2O
   _____ Large Intestined. mechanical breakdown
   

1. _____ Enzymesa. regulate digestion
   _____ Hormonesb. breakdown food (chem.. digest.)
   _____ Bilec. breaks up fat
   _____ Bacteriad. produces various substances
   

1. _____ villia. stores CHO
   _____ liverb. makes enzymes
   _____ pancreasc. mixes & moves
   _____smooth muscled. absorption
   

1. Bacteria are present in GI tract. T or F _____

1. Digestion begins in stomach. T or F _____

1. Gall bladder makes bile. T or F _____

1. Some substances can be absorbed in stomach. T or F _____

1. The “acronym” to remember the 6 types of energy is:
   

1. The 2 states of energy are:
   
2. 
   
3. 
   

1. Give an example of transformation of energy:
   

1. The chemical energy used for energy by the body is:
   

1. List 1 process involved in making #4:
   

1. Kcals/day______
   

1. Kcals/mile ______
   

1. Kcals/lb fat ______
   

1. Name 2 forms (not states) of energy:
   
2. 
   
3. 
   

1. What is the chemical form of energy used by the body?

1. Organize the following terms in proper sequence with respect to aerobic energy production: ______
   
2. citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle)
3. electron transport chain
4. glycolysis

1. Which process described in #3 utilizes O2?

1. What is the advantage of anaerobic metabolism?

1. What is the disadvantage of anaerobic metabolism?

1. Why is the body considered a machine?

1. Chemically, hormones are ______or ______.

1. What is the role of hormonal receptors?

1. If ½ life of X is 30’, then what is [X] after 90’? Initial [X] = 1000.

1. Master Gland =

1. Insulin causes:

1. Body’s thermostat =

1. Adrenaline causes:

1. Most hormones are released in a sustained manner. T or F _____

1. Treatment for too little hormone?

1. Treatment for too much hormone?

1. Define an allele:
   

1. Long eyelashes describe genotype or phenotype? ______
   

1. QQ & qq  probability of q phenotype?
   

1. Wavy hair is an example of ______dominance.
   

1. AB blood type is an example of ______dominance.
   

1. Is a defect associated with a dominant gene ALWAYS expressed?
   

1. A gene found on the X chromosome but not on the Y is always expressed in ______(gender?)

1. Define a gene:
   

1. Using the first letter of the alphabet, indicate the following genotypes...
2. homozygous dominant
3. homozygous recessive
4. heterozygous
   

1. Freckled person (ff) marries a freckle carrier (Ff). What is probability of having a child with freckles?
   

1. What is the probably of having 3 boys in a row?
   

1. How is a gamete different than other cells?
   

1. _____ present at ribosomea. DNA
2. _____ present during transcriptionb. tRNA
3. _____ present during translationc. rRNA
4. _____ carry amino acidsd. mRNA
5. _____ contain codon
6. _____ contain anticodon

1. Proteins are the most important biomolecule. T or F _____
   

1. Enzymes are made directly by protein synthesis. T or F _____
   

1. Genes control behavior. T or F _____
   

1. The best genes are Levi’s. T or F _____