National Counsel of Social and Economic Politics
Document
Conpes3164
National counsel of Social and Economic Politics
Republic of Colombia
National department of Planning
ENVIRONMENTAL NATIONAL POLITICS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE OF THE SPACES OCEÁNICOS AND THE ZONES
COASTAL AND INSULAR OF COLOMBIA
PLAN OF ACTION 2002 - 2004
Department of the Environment
DNP: DPA
Version approved
Bogota, D.C., May 10 of 2002
CONTAINED
INTRODUCTION...... 1
I. PRECEDING...... 1
II. I DIAGNOSE...... 2
III. You PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES OF THE PLAN OF ACTION 2002-2004...... 7
A. PROGRAMS OF TERRITORIAL ENVIRONMENTAL CODE OF THE SPACES
OCEÁNICOS AND COASTAL AND INSULAR ZONES ...... 8
B. PROGRAM OF SECTORIAL ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY...... 9
C. PROGRAM OF REHABILITATION AND RESTORATION OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS AND
COASTAL they DEGRADED ...... 13
D. PROGRAM OF COASTAL AND MARINE AREAS PROTECTED...... 14
E. You PROGRAM OF CONSERVATION OF SPECIES ...... 14
F. NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE EVALUATION, PREVENTION, REDUCTION AND
CONTROL OF THE CONTAMINATION GENERATED BY MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL SOURCES 15
G. RISKS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR THE PREVENTION AND ATTENTION OF
DISASTERS IN THE SPACES OCEÁNICOS AND THE COASTAL ZONES ...... 16
IV. SUPPORT INSTRUMENTS DEVELOPMENT ...... 18
A. KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION ...... 18
B. EDUCATION AND PARTICIPATION...... 19
C. GOVERNABILITY AND INSTITUTIONAL COORDINATION IN THE ENVIRONMENTS
INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL...... 20
D. FINANCIAL STRATEGY ...... 21
E. MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 22
V. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 23
ANEXOS
1
INTRODUCTION
The present document submits to consideration of the CONPES the plan of action 2002 –
2004 of the Environmental National Politics for the Sustainable Development of the Spaces Oceánicos and
the Coastal and Insular Zones of Colombia (PNAOCI), adopted by the National Counsel
Environmental1. In the same one the priority actions are identified, the institutional actors
responsible for their execution, the financial resources required and the mechanisms of
Coordination.
I. PRECEDING
Different international treaties, approved by Colombia under the coordination of the
Chancellery, define the need to prompt programs for the management integrated of the areas
marine and coastal and the sustainable use of its resources2. The Law 99 of the 19933 it establishes the
importance to protect and to take advantage of in sustainable form the biodiversidad and to promote the
integral management of the environment in its interrelation with the processes of planning
Economic, social and physical. In that context, arises the Environmental National Politics for the
Sustainable development of the Spaces Oceánicos and the Coastal and Insular Zones of Colombia
(PNAOCI).
The PNAOCI is the result of a process of coordination, headed by the Department of the
Environment (MMA), initiated in 1996 with actors and sectors involved in the
Environmental code of the insular, coastal zones and adjacent seas.
The political one propende by the sustainable development of the spaces oceánicos and the zones
coastal, by means of its environmental code and management integrated, so that contribute al
improvement of the quality of life of the Colombian population and to the conservation of the
2
Ecosystems and coastal and marine resources. For such effect, the PNAOCI develops to bias of
you program of territorial code, of sustainable management of productive activities, of
you program for the conservation and restoration of ecosystems and of environmental programs for
Improving the quality of life of the population. Besides it emphasizes actions for the control of the
contamination and the management of risks for the prevention and natural origin disasters attention
And antrópico. This assembly of programs are accompanied by strategies of instrumental type
For its effective development.
From the approval of the PNAOCI on the part of the Environmental National Counsel, the
MMA has given an impulse al process of regional implementation of this Politics, with the support
of the companies that conform the Environmental National System (SINA) and of the others
institutions with functions and competences in the national and international management of the spaces
Oceánicos and coastal and insular zones. Nevertheless, this it is an incipient process that requires
being fortified through the commitment and the participation of all the private and public companies,
to reach thus its sustainable planning, which is sought to support with this document
CONPES.
II. I DIAGNOSE
For the purposes of this politics two types of coastal zones in the country are differentiated: the
continental coastal zone and the insular coastal zone (I Enclose 1)4. Colombia, in the departments
coastal and insular, it harbors near the 49.4% of the Colombian population5, it possesses ecosystems
strategic6 and resources that provide environmental services and are the base to develop
1 In its session of December 5, 2000.
2 Some of these Treaties are the following: the Convention on fishing and conservation of the alive resources of
Altamar (Law 119 of 1961); the international Covenant to prevent the contamination by the ships, MARPOL/73
(Law 12 of 1981); Protocol for the conservation and the administration of the coastal and marine areas protected of the
Pacific Southeast (Law 12 of 1992); Covenant of the United Nations on Biological Diversity (Law 165 of 1994); and
the Protocol on the program for the regional study of the Phenomenon The Boy in the Pacific Southeast, ERFEN (Law
295 of 1996), among others.
3 By which the Department of the Environment is created, himself reordena the Public Sector responsible for the management and
conservation of the environment and the renewable natural resources, the Environmental National System is organized,
SINA, and other dispositions are dictated.
4 For effects of its management integrated, the PNAOCI refers to Insular Caribbean region; Region
Continental Caribbean and Oceánica; and Peaceful Region. It given the difficulty to work statistics separated for happinesses
Zones, for this document aggregate data by department were utilized, according to its influence.
5 Being of this percentage, the Caribbean region the one that greater population harbors with near the 32% (DANE, 2002).
6 The ecosystems are emphasized of manglar, with near 378.938 hectares, and the reefs coralinos, with near
300.000 hectares. (INVEMAR, 2000)
3
Economic activities. Nevertheless, the majority of the coastal human settlements and the
coastal economic activities and continental7 have developed with little planning,
generating environmental impacts and contamination affecting the availability and quality of the
Coastal and marine resources, the quality of life of the population and its economic development.
In terms of access to acueducto and saneamiento basic, in the Caribbean region, the 62% of
the population has access al service of acueducto and the 45% al of alcantarillado; in the region of the
Peaceful, the covers are of the 67.5% in acueducto and of the 42% in alcantarillado; and in the Region
Insular Caribbean, are of the 28% and 6% in acueducto and alcantarillado respectively8. The insufficient one
cover of these services implies the inadequate management and disposition of vertimientos liquid and
Solid residues.
In craft and industrial fishing, the region of the Pacific occupies the greater participation in the
national production9 (Graphic 1). The acuicultura presents a growing tendency (Graphic 2),
mainly in the Caribbean region10. The graphic 3 sample that, set against Equator and Peru,
Colombia participates with most minimum volumes to disembark fishing boat. Of another part, do not exist
systematic studies on the state of these resources, is inferred for partial analysis that
Some species are itself sobreexplotando, which can imply its decrease. At present, the
National institute of Fishing and Acuicultura (INPA) is formulating a Plan of Development and
Fishing code to improve this situation.
7The sedimentación caused by the deforestación and the erosion of the basins of the rivers Mary magdalene, Sinú and Atrato, and
the contamination by black water served have generated in the Caribbean region important alterations of the cover
Coralina (Areas Coralinas of Colombia. INVEMAR, MMA, COLCIENCIAS. November 2000).
8 The major deficit in covers is given in the rural areas. In the Caribbean region, in acueducto: urban population 90% and
Rural 34%; in alcantarillado: urban population 78% and rural 12%. In the region of the Pacific, in acueducto: population
Urban 91% and rural 44%; in alcantarillado: urban population 68% and rural 16%. Source DNP-DDUPRE. 1998.
9 In 1999 the disembark fishing boat was of 85.751,28 TM corresponding al 68% of the national production.
10 For example, in 1999, Colombia counted on a production acuícola national of 52.213 tons, of which the
Caribbean region contributed the 43% and the region of the Pacific the 11%.
4
As for production pecuaria of greater species (earned bovine), the Caribbean region
it contributes with the 30% of the national total11. In smaller species, the Caribbean region participates with
the 77% of the national total of the production caprina12. The environmental impacts associates to the
activity pecuaria relate to processes of “potrerización”, changes in the aptitude of use of the
I am used, compactación of floor by pisoteo and water sources affectation, among others.
With respect to the agricultural production, the Caribbean region is emphasized in lines13 as
cotton with 73% of a national total of 111.368 tons (ton); black tobacco of export
With 52% of a national total of 10.661 ton.; corn modernized and ñame. The cotton and the tobacco
black they do part of the Program of Productive Chains of the Department of Agriculture and
Rural development (MADR). The region of the Pacific is emphasized in banano of export with 74%
Of the national production and plátano of export with 100% of the national production. The
main problems environmental associates to these activities are: contamination with
agroquímicos and solid residues, floors fertility loss, deforestación, alteration of
subterranean and superficial water, loss and fragmentación of ecosystems and wild life, among
Graphic 1. NATIONAL FISHING PRODUCTION
1990-1999
0
20.000
40.000
60.000
80.000
100.000
120.000
140.000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Tons
Peaceful production
Caribbean production
Production
Continental
C or n s t r or i d or D N P - D P TO c or n b to s and and n i n f or r m to c i ó n I N P TO 1999
Graphic 2. PRODUCTION ACUÍCOLA NATIONAL 1990-1999
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Tons
It built DNP-DPA based on information INPA 1999
Graphic 3. PARTICIPATION OF
DISEMBARK FISHING BOAT
AVERAGE 1995 - 1999
93%
1%
6%
Colombia
(93.159 TM*)
Equator
(488.067 TM)
Peru
(7.779.617 TM)
* T M: T or n and l to d to s M é t r i c to s
Source: B or l and t í n of Fishing Statistics of the P to c í f i c or Southeast. C or m i s i ó n Permanent of the P to c í f i c or South.
I remove – Equator, 2000.
5
other14. As soon as al harbor sector, the Caribbean region has among the 82% and 88% of the total traffic.
The Plan of Harbor Expansion 2002-200315 does not it foresee important investments in new
projects16. The greater investments are predicted for dredged of maintenance and
deepening in the ports of Buenaventura and Tumaco, the estructuración of the concession of the
Channel of Access al Complex Harbor of Barranquilla and works to offer stability on the
I laugh Mary magdalene. The activities of the sector can generate environmental impacts as the
degradation of ecosystems, by the inadequate disposition of sedimentos; alterations of the line
Of coast by phenomena of erosion and sedimentación; and affectation of the quality of the water.
Additionally, some projects have not incorporated the origin risks management study
natural, worrying situation especially for the Peaceful region, given its vulnerability before
You threaten like earthquakes, tsunamis and licuación of floors.
In it it related to other developments of road infrastructure and of transportation, fits
indicating that in the past, some road developments al not to contemplate environmental variables in its
design, they generated alterations in the natural dynamics of some ecosystems17,
unchaining changes in the bosses of drainage and obstruction of the same, desecación of
zones of marshes and flat inundables, contamination of floors and water, migration of fauna,
Salinización of floors, among others. At present develop and plan projects of
infrastructure18, of which the running one Bogota – Buenaventura will be of special management by the
environmental impacts that can imply, such as water contamination, deforestación,
Change of uses of the floor and affectation in fauna and flora by the step on sensitive zones.
11 National total of 20.444.260 heads of Bovine of 1999. In the Caribbean region is emphasized Cordoba with a
Equivalent production al 39% of the coastal region. Source: System of Information MADR (Information 1999).
12 Total of 1.285.811 heads in 1999. Source: MADR, 1999.
13 Figures of 1999, taken of the Statistical Yearbook of the Farm Sector. MADR, 1999-2000.
14 It fits to note the environmental management guides development for camaroneras, sector bananero and cotton, among others.
15 Document Conpes 3149 “Plan of Harbor Expansion 2002-2003 Zonificación Harbor for the Century XXI”
16 It given that its capacity installed is being utilized alone in a 62,4%. Consortium Incoplan – Parson. Study
Harbor Physical code and Environmental of the Colombian Seaboards, November of 1999. Seeing Conpes 3149.
17 An example of this situation constitutes it the highway that communicates to Barranquilla with the population Swirl, with
effects on the Natural National Park Island of Salamanca and the Large Marsh of Holy Marta, whose alteration in its
water state conducted to the mortandad closely of the 68% (35.000 hectares) of the ecosystems of manglar of the area, among
1956 and 1995, with consequences collaterals on the fishing production. CORPAMAG, 1999.
18 Road concession Zipaquirá – Bucaramanga (Palenque) – Ye of Marsh; road Netting of the Caribbean; variant al port of
Holy Marta; and running Bogota – Buenaventura. Ferrous networks of the Atlantic and Peaceful one; and the recovery of the
Navegabilidad of the river Mary magdalene.
6
On the other hand, the development of the tourism has not had sufficiently in account
environmental considerations, involving to multiple impacts as contamination by the
inadequate disposition of waste, pressure and degradation of natural scenic attractions and use
Inadequate of the space. The growing diversification of the tourist activity has compromised
Extensions of beach, manglar and zones of flood for urban development projects. This situation
it would be able to prevail since the sector registers an ascending tendency in the two last years, with
An occupation hotelera of the 41.7% and 47%, respectively.
The mining sector is important, especially for the Caribbean Region, where himself
they find exploitations of great mining industry in coal19 and ferroníquel; and of medium and small
mining industry in gold and silver20. Thus same, the marine deposits of salt are located of Manaure
(Guajira) and Galerazamba (Bolívar). In the peaceful region develops mining industry of gold and platinum21.
The environmental impacts are related especially with the small and medium mining industry that
it utilizes obsolete techniques, without greater planning and without a culture of sustainable production,
causing environmental deterioration, as the contamination of water by contributing of toxic substances
as mercury and cianuro22.
In the Caribbean region the two Colombian basins of continental edge are located
producers of petroleum: the lower valley of the river Mary magdalene with productions very drops of
petroleum and gas; and the basin of the Guajira with a production of equivalent gas al 13,3% of the
Total production in 1999 (2.908,706 millions standing cubic/day MPCD). The main
environmental impacts of the activity are related to contribute of sedimentos al water,
Deterioration and loss of the floor, alteration of terrestrial ecosystems and affectation of acuíferos.
In the Caribbean region important industrial runners are found as that of
19 In the 2000 the Guajira produced the 58% of the total of the production of coal (38.2 million tons). The Complex
Carbonífero of the Cerrejón North Zone exported the 54% of the total exports (MME, 2001).
20 In the South of Bolívar, Cordoba and Antioquia the production of gold has been increased in recent years (of the total of
Production of the 2000 equivalent to 37 tons, these departments contribute the 91,2%). In Cordoba and Antioquia the
Silver production arrived at 7.9 tons in the year 2000. (Minercol, 2001).
21 In the year 2000, the production of gold in the Collided was the 2,7% of the national production and the production of platinum
Was the 97.8%, approximately 339 kilograms, with destiny mainly al local market (Minercol, 2001).
22 Three environmental mining centers exist (Sotomayor -Nariño, Geneva -Valley and Tambo-Cauca). Their objective is to promote
The mining industry of gold incorporating cleaner processes of production. Expects the creation of three but in Collided, Antioquia
And the South of Bolívar.
7
Solitude-Barranquilla and Mamonal – Cartagena23. In the framework of the covenant of coordination for
a production but clean, subscribed in 1995 among the businesses represented by the Foundation
Mamonal, the MMA and the Regional Autonomous Corporation of the Channel of the Dike (CARDIQUE), itself
They achieved advances in contaminants loads reduction terms. Between 1995 and 1999 themselves
they reported reductions of DBO5 of 87,8%; SST of 91,4%, and of greases and oils of 62.1%24.
Though in this diagnosis the actions are emphasized that affect of direct form the
marine and coastal ecosystems, is important to recognize the effect of cumulative impacts
associates to activities that develop in the main continental hydrographic basins
Of the country, particularly that of the Mary magdalene - Cauca. Additional to these impacts, the lack adds himself of
specific strategies for the management and protection of you said ecosystems, situation that itself
evidence in the little one representatividad that these have inside the National System of Areas
They protected25. Also, is to stand out the effects of associated phenomena to risks of origin
natural and climatic variations as the phenomenon The Boy and the Girl, and of the Climatic Change,
with consequences on the coastal populations and economic sectors26.
In the legal and institutional framework, the main problems associate with the lack of
clarity in the definition of competences between territorial entities and maritime authorities
National, and to weaknesses of interinstitutional coordination and intersectorial.
III. You PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES OF THE PLAN OF ACTION 2002-2004
The plan of action presented in this document understands the assembly of actions
priority for the consolidation and set in motion of the Environmental National Politics for the
Sustainable development of the Spaces Oceánicos and the Coastal and Insular Zones of Colombia, in
The period 2002-2004. The plan splits to recognize the responsibility that have all the actors
23 In this last one concentrate 70 Industrial Companies (7 multinationals) of food (meats, fish, shellfish
and Maltings) and manufacture (plastics, basic chemical products, plaguicidas, guarantees and composed nitrogenados,
Cements, refinery, petrochemical and industrial gases).
24 Report of Advance MMA, November of the 2001.
25 Of the 46 areas with the ones that counts the National System of Areas Protected, only 11 (23%) are of coastal character and
Marine, 7 in the Caribbean and 4 in the Pacific.
26 Preliminary studies indicate that the potential ascent of the level of the sea, associate al Climatic Change, can have
important effects on the populations, the economic activities and vital infrastructure of the country, by floods