Name: David Longenbach
I. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF WWI
A. French Revolution
1. Upsets Monarchies
2. Alters balance of power
B. Napoleon
1. Conscription
2. Spreads Ideals of Revolution in Europe
3. Britain becomes dominant world power with trade
C. Peace reins in Europe after Napoleonic defeat in 1815
1. French power recedes
2. Nationalism unleashed - Germany / Poland
3. Monarchies on the way out / Social change & Industrial Revolution
II. ITALIAN & GERMAN UNIFICATION
A. Italy
1. United under the house of Savoy
2. N. Italy dominated politics
3. Created monarchy not republic
4. Garibaldi - Red Shirts
5. Victor Emmanuel II - 1871
6. Italy left weak and divided
B. GERMAN UNIFICATION
1. PrussiaBismarck
2. 1848 Revolution failed
3. 1866- Austro-Prussian War - combines powers
4. Partition of Poland - "klein" second Reich complete
5. Kulture Kampf
6. Franco-Prussian War 1871
A. Unites catholic German states to Prussia
B. Alsace- Lorraine Map on Pages...
7. Bismarck strives to isolate France
A. Treaty with Austria-Hungary/ Dual Alliance 1879-1918
B. Drei Kaiser Bund - Russia 1881-1887
C. Economic ties with England
D. Triple Alliance ( Italy) 1882-1915
8. Bismarck fired (1890) Alliances Collapse
C. Alliance System
1. France and Russia – Franco-Russian Entente 1894 -Russia needed money- mirror dual alliance
2. France and Britain - Entente Cordiale 1904 -British unpopular-Boer War& Egypt
3. Anglo-Russian Understanding 1907 -settle Persian question
Triple Entente 1907-1908 (Defeat of Russian fleet 1905)
D. Pan - Germanism
1. Baltic Germans
2. Fear of Slavs
III. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY & THE BALKAN QUESTION
A. "Sick Man of Europe" Ottomans withdraw from Europe
B. Power vacuum Austria-HungaryRussia fill in
1. Balkan occupation*Russia
2. Containing Pan Slavism *Austria-Hungary
C. Serbs - wanted greater Serbia
1. Upset about Balkan War gains by other powers
2. Lost War with Bulgaria
3. Wanted Bosnia-Herzegovina
D. Conrad von Hotzendorf - Chief of Austrian General Staff -" Berlin to Baghdad"
1. Wanted to save Austria "by the second"
2. Chief War Hawk
E. Berchtold - Austrian Foreign Minister
1. "Protect Vital Interests" Received a “blank check” from Germany
F. Serbia backed by Russia
1. Russian's self proclaimed protector of the Slavs
2. Nicholas II hurting from Russo-Japanese war needs a victory
G. Franz Joseph- ageing emperor out of touch with the people
H. June 28, 1914
1. Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand II assassinated by
2. Gavillo Princip-Serb nationalist and school teacher
3. member of the “Black Hand”
I. Bethmann Hollweg "a would-be Bismarck" supports A.H.
J. Trilism-3rd division for Slavs in A.H. Empire
1. Serb nationalists didn't want that
2. Afraid it would be successful
H. The Black Hand -
1. Colonel Dimitrievich covert leader & military intelligence officer of Serbia
2. Supports terrorist activities including assassins
I. July 23rd Ultimatum sent to Belgrade
1. 10 demands made - Suppress Anti-Austrian Propaganda
2. Allow Austrian Officials into Serbia
3. Serbs comply with most but not all
4. 28th July Austria declares War
IV. THE WAR
A. Mobilization
1. Russia (slow?)
2. Germany (Schlieffen Plan) 1905
3. France
B. Declarations
1. Russia declares war on Austria
2. Germany declares war on RussiaFrance
3. France declares war on Germany and Austria
4. Britain remains neutral with Italy
5. Germany invades Belgium / England declares War
C. Central PowersAllies
GermanyBritainJapan August 10,1902
A HFrance Greece
BulgariaRussiaItaly-April 1915
TurkeySerbiaRumania
U.S.A. 1917
D. How War was fought?
1. Infantry attacks
2. Artillery bombardment
3. Naval Blockade
4. Airpower comes of age
E. War Ends
1. Treaty of Versailles
2. Lost Territory
3. 14 Points
4. War Bitterness
F. The Big Four
1. Great Britain = David Lloyd George
2. France = George Clemenson
3. U.S. = Woodrow Wilson
4. Italy = Vittorio Orlando
G. Treaties
1. Versailles = Germany
2. Saint - Germain = Austria 6 million left out of 30 million
3. Trianon = Hungary loses 2/3 inhabitants 3/4 territory
4. Neuilly = Bulgaria
5. S`evres = Turkey
* Jan 1919 Paris Peace Conference begins - Five Treaties Named after Paris Districts (For Monday- League Of Nations)
H. The Russian Collapse
1. 1917 - Russia Leaves War
2. Dec. 3, 1917 - Brest-Litovsk started 1918 / signed March 3, 1918
3. October - Revolution
4. November - Bolshevik takeover: Poland / Ukraine / Finland / Baltic States
5. Casualties: 10 million dead , 20 million wounded
U.S. 330,000 casualties / casualties 115,000 dead
I. War Affects
1. Economics - tariffs, protected national industries, planned economy
2. U.S. owed $4 billion 1914 - Credited $10 billion by 1919.
Walter Rathenau : "War Socialism" The Peace Of Paris
II. WHY WWI?
1. Alliance System
2. Militarism / Old Order
3. Imperialism / Colonialism
4. Trade
5. Nationalism
III. WHY VERSAILLES?
1. Wilson's 14 points
2. Address problems that caused War
3. Revenge
A.* 1935 Saar / 100,000 Man Army
B.Reparations 1921 - $132 billion gold marks ; $35 Billion dollars
4. Justification of War
5. Secret treaties
IV. THE ADVANCE OF DEMOCRACY
1. Creation of new European States
2. Universal male suffrage
3. Women's voting rights
A. 1922 - Rappallo - German-Soviet Treaty; Locarno 1925
-Gustav Stresemann
-`Edouard Herriot & Aristide Briand
- Ramsay MacDonald
B. Germany established western borders with Belgium and France-Arbitration treaties;
with Czech and Poland - Renounced armed aggression.
C. France - Poland & Czech defensive Alliance. Little Entente - Czech / Yugo / Rum.
D. Britain - Belgium & French frontiers guaranteed.
1. 1926 - Germany joins League Of Nations
2. 1928 - Kellog - Briand Pact
- signed by 65 nations
-" Renounce war as an instrument of National Policy"
V. WHAT WENT WRONG?
- Collapse of world trade
A. Overproduction of war materials
B. Government Regulation and Protection
C. Reparations
1. 1923 - France and Belgium occupy Ruhr *1923-4trillion marks to $1.00
2. 1924 - Dawes Plan - American Investment
3. Debt = More debt = Weimar 5 years?
D. Stock Collapse - Oct. 1929
1. 1929-32 - Average Value of 50 industrial stocks dropped from 252 to 61.
2. 5000 American banks closed.
3. U.S. National Income fell $85 billion to $37 billion
4. 1932 - 30 million unemployed world-wide(west)
E. Reactions
1. Protect industry - Hanley Smoot Tariff
2. Self - sufficiency
3. 1932 Ottawa Agreements
4. Reduced Tariffs in British Commonwealth
VI. 1930's
A. Dictatorships
1. Italy 1922
2. Germany 1933
3. Spain 1936 - July War breaks out
B. Mussolini
1. Blackshirts
2. Milan
3. Vigorous Action
VII. PROPAGANDA
A. Triumph of The Will
1. Unity
a. Party
b. People or "Volk"
2. Building of a new Germany
a. Economy (Labor)
b. Industry (Trade)
3. Respect for WWI veterans
a. New Military
b. Revenge on enemies (Versailles)
B. Alexander Nevsky
1. The Masses - "Power of the People"
a. Peasants
b. "Mother Russia"
2. Alexander "Leader Figure" (Stalin)
a. Asked to lead the people
b. Selfless and perfect leader
C. Detractors
1. Alexander
a. DowngradeChurch (cowards)
b. Evil enemy - Germany and Japan
2. Triumph
a. Weimar
b. Socialists and Communists
VIII. FAMOUS SPEECHES
A. U.S. and England Parallel - article
B. Frank Capra "Why we fight"
C. Speech Article
1. Analysis is based on 360 speeches in 92 chronicles - 1000 - 1250
* 156 (speeches)- Leaders appeal to bravery and valor
108 - God on their side
69 - Superior to enemy
48 - Plunder and booty
46 - Defend themselves and family
45 - Past victories
IX. Fascism in Italy
A. Soldiers felt cheated
B. Hatred of France (Corsica, N. Africa,Savoy, Piedmont)
C. Leftist Strike - chaos
D. Milan - Mussolini organized Black shirts
E. 1922 - October
1. Hungary - Arrow Cross
2. Rumania - Iron Guard
3. Spain - Falange
4. Mare Nostrum - Conflict with England
F. Choose Symbol - Fasces - Authority of old Roman magistrates
X. GERMANY
Lebensraum...
1. 1931-32 - 1/2 production ; 2 million to 6 million unemployed
A. Franz von Papen - use Hitler and Nazi's to solidify Weimar Gov.
B. Hitler made Chancellor Papen Vice Chancellor
C. Goering - Chief of Police
1. Destroy social democrats in Prussia
D. Hitler persuades Hindenburg to dissolve Reichstag.
E. 1933 New Elections
1. Feb. 27 - Reichstag burns; seized control, suspend constitution
F. 1935 - Nuremburg Laws - Sept. 15
G. 1936 - Schact eliminated unemployment
1. Rohm - Socialist S.A. 2 to 3 million men
2. Heinrich Himmler - SS Commander
H. 1934 - Army sworn to Hitler / Hindenburg dies
1. April 11, 1935 - Italy, Britain, France
Stresa - " Stresa Front"
2. Italy wanted support against Hitler in Austria / planned invasion of Ethiopia
a. 1935 Anglo-German Naval Agreement ended Italian efforts.
I. 1935 Commintern " Popular Front"
J. 1936 Remilitarizes Rhineland after Franco - Soviet Treaty Larcano ends
K. 1936 Spanish Civil War *croix de feu
XI. GRAND STRATEGY
A. Germany
1. Hitler aims at Austria and Czechloslovakia
2. Hossbach memorandum - France, Russia, Britain
a. Britain identified as enemy for first time
3. Hitler replaces opposition:
a. Dr. Schact - Commissioner of War Economy-dismissed in 1937
b. Marshal Blomberg-Minister of War - dismissed in 1938
- replaced by OKW
c. OKW - headed by Keitel, Wilhelm (General)
Lebensraum by 1943 - 1945
B. Britain
1. Turn German aggression East
2. Sir Neville Henderson - 1938 Feb. told Germany that England recognized a "change in Europe." German sphere in Central & Eastern Europe O.K.
C. France
1. Pacifism Rampant / Internal dissent rocks French gov't / Popular front begins rearmament. Hide behind Maginot Line.
D. Italy
1. Fallen under Hitler's leadership. Expansion in Africa & Mediterranean. Abandon Danube.
E. Russia(Soviet Union)
1. Turn German aggression West. Begins courting idea of expansion in Eastern Europe. Disinvolve with Japan, focus on Europe.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
IDENTIFICATION
(2 pts.) 1. Empire known as "The Sick Man of Europe".
Answer: Ottoman Empire
SHORT ANSWER
(5pts) 1. As a result of France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, she lost 2 territories on her Western Frontier. Name the 2 territories and explain why they were important.
(2pts.) 1. Alscace
(2pts.) 2. Lorraine
(1pt.) 3. Gave Germany strategic territory on West bank of RheinRiver
(25PTS.) ESSAY
What were the underlying causes of the first world war? Describe the alliance system built by Bismarck that eventually divided Europe, French attitudes towards Germany, Anglo-German Relations, & Russia's foreign policy goal that brought it into conflict with Austria. Alliance system.
1. Alliance System(2pt) 1. Triple Entente
2. Old Order, Militarism(1pt) A. France
3. Imperialism & Colonialism (1pt) B. Britain
4. Trade (economics)(1pt) C. Russia
5. Nationalism
(2pts.) Triple Alliance
(1pt.) Germany
(1pt.) A H
(1pt.) Italy
French feelings of (2pts) revenge for lost territories of (1pt) Alscace & (1pt) Lorraine.
(2pts.) Anglo-German naval race
(1pt.) " Berlin to Baghdad Railroad"
(3pts.) Russian drive to Constantinople (Istanbul).
I. February 21, 1938
Neville Chamberlain informed Count Dino Grandi (Italy) that Austria was lost. This weakened Italy's resolve.
A. France - Popular front disintegrating - strikes rampant
* Schnigg called to Bershetesgarton
B. England - Eden resigned; Halifax takes over; Schuschnigg - gains no support-
- offers referendum to people / Hitler threatens invasion.
- Schuschnigg arrested; (Seyss) Inquart takes over. March 1939 Anschluss
II. Hitler Turns to Czech.
A. Makes claims on SudentenLand.
B. Chamberlain appeases Hitler.
C. When he returns, Hitler wants everything by Oct. 1.
D. Poland also claims Teschen (Silesia).
E. Hungary claims S. Slovakia
*F. Pres. Eduard Bene`s - bows to proposal
III. To avoid war - Munich conference held - Sept. 29, 1938
MussoliniChamberlain
HitlerDaladier
A. Hitler wins.
1. Poland annexes Sept. 30, 1938
2. Hungary Nov. 2, 1938
3. March 15, 1939 - Hungary - BohemiaMoraviaGermany
4. March 23, - Memel annexed by Hitler
B. Slovak Premier Monsignor Jo'zef Tiso was forced into asking for German protection by announcing Slovak independence or be left to Poles & Hungarians.
1. Skoda works at Pilsen
2. April 7, 1939 - Italy invades Albania
3. March 1939 - Czech. Occupied
C. British Attitude changes
1. March 29 - Gov't. doubles territorial guard
2. April 26 - Conscription 1st time in history during peace time.
3. March 31 - Poland defended
D. Italy forms closer ties to Germany
1. Offensive Alliance created
IV. GERMAN WEHRMACHT - 1939
* Was it superior?
A. Technically (Equipment)
B. Organization - Excellent!
C. Training - better
D. Numerically - 7 Panzer, 4 Motorized, 54 Divisions, 8 Reserve, 4 mech. light
V. POLAND'S ARMED FORCES
A. Equipment - 1,000 Aircraft (400 Firstline) TK/TKS
B. Numbers - 280,000 Peacetime / 700 tanks / 450 machine gun carriers / 2.5 million reserve / 50 WWI Renaults / Vickes 6 ton
C. Organization - Poor
D. Morale - Very High
VI. EQUIPMENT
A. Tanks - 3,000 vehicles - mostly MKI's & MKII's / 500-600 MKIII's, MKIV"S,35(+)'s,38(+)'s
B. Planes - Tactical (Stukas) JU87's
C. Motorized Units
D. Small Arms
B. Vernichtungsgedanke - Annihilation Concept
- Double envelopment = Brauchitsch
C. SOUTH
A. Army Group A: Rundstedt's
1. 8th, 10th, 14th -Army --Panzers XVI Panzercorp 1st & 4th PZ Divisions
D. NORTH
A. Army Group B: Bock's
1. 3rd - E. Prussia
2. 4th - Pomerania - Gudarian --3rd PZ. 2nd & 20th mot.
3. Panzer Division - 324 Tanks
4. Light - 221
E. Sept. 16 - Red Army Advances
A. 8,000 killed; 30,000 wounded
218 Panzars lost 10%combat - 400 vehicles lost total (breakdowns)
674 Vehicles total
I. JAPANESE IMPERIAL NAVY
*"Long Lance" Torpedo 24 in. oxygen driven
A. Dec. 1941
10 Battle Ships9 million tons of merchant shipping
8 Aircraft Carriers
18 Heavy Cruisers
20 Light Cruisers
108 Destroyers
B. Growth of Japanese Empire
1. Ryukyu Islands - 1879
2. Formosa - 1895
3. Korea - 1910
4. Marianas & Caroline Is. Japanese Mandate - 1920
5. Manchuria - 1931 - Sept.
6. Indo-china - 1940
7. July 7, 1937 - Fight over Marco Polo bridge in Peking - Starts War.
C. Japan
1. supply 55,000,000 barrels of oil in 1 1/2 yrs. worth of operations
2. Short of raw Materials!!
3. Population 72,000,000 million 7 growing
4. Southern advance provides oil / rubber / tin / copper / etc.
D. Greater East-Asian Co-prosperity Sphere
1. Foreign minister - Matsuoka in 1940
2. Defensive perimeter from Aleutians to Burma confused policy
*. JULY 1941 - FUEL FROZE IN U.S.
E. Japanese Goals
1. Economic Security ( Raw materials / Food)
2. Greater Living Space
3. Control of Asia
F. Plans
1. Attack South - Secure oil; Defeat U.S. with knockout blow - turn against Russia.
Questions:
1. Who was Zhukov?
2. Why was he important?
3. What can we learn from the battle?
a. Lack of Jap. Firepower
b. Russian tank and truck superiority
c. Russian Airpower
Poland:
1. Why did Poland lose?
a. Lack of armored formations; All too small; Troops poorly equipped
b. Poor geographic position / Setup on borders
c. Command / Organization poor
Germans:
1. Why did the Germans win?
a. Luftwaffe
b. Short burst with large armored (combined arms) formations; Battle of Annihilation
2. Was it Blitzkrieg?
a. Yes & No.
b. Trick question
3. Who was von Brauchitsch?
a. OKH; Chief of the Army
4. Who was Heinz Guderian?
a.
5. Were the Germans technically superior to the West?/ Numerically? (*Save for later)
II. Russo-Finnish War Nov. 30, 1939
A. Who was Marshal Carl Gustav Mannerheim?
B. Karelia / Lapland
C. Almost 1,000,000 Russian casualties; 1,000 Aircraft; 2,000 Tanks
D. 25,000 Finnish Casualties; 62 Aircraft
E. Volunteers from Sweden and Norway
1. - 8,000 volunteers; 85 Anti-tank guns; 164 Anti-aircraft; 80,000 rifles
2. First use of "Molotov"
F. March 12th- War over.
G. Dec. 13 - Graf Spee - Hans Langsdorff Kriesmarine
1. 6-11 in. guns; 8-5.9 in. guns
H. Commodore H.H. Harwood's S. Atlantic Sq.
1. Exeter - Heavy Cruiser 6-8 in. * All had torpedo tubes
2. Ajax & Achilles - 16-6 in.
I. Battle started 0600
1. Exeter drops out 0715
2. Ajax ( Harwood's Flag) - badly damaged
3. Ajax & Achilles broke 0740
J. Graf Spee - 36 killed and 59 wounded
1. Pulled out
2. Interned at Montevideo, Uruguay
3. Scuttled
K. Oct. 13-14, 1939
1. Gunther Prien U-47 Scapa Flow Sunk
2. Royal Oak 832 Crew lost.
III. BritainFrance to Aid Finland
A. Take Narvik
1. Norway and Sweden refuse
2. March 20, Daladier resigns
3. Paul Reynaud - Prime Minister on 1 vote
B. Allies Plan
1. Neutralize shipping to Germany 2. April 7-8 "Wilfred" scheduled
IV. Gemany Invades First
A. Gand-Admiral Eric Raeder
1. Wanted bases
2. Major Vidkun Quisling - Head of "NASJONAL SAMLING"
3. Altmark boarded illegally by British
B. Norway op. Nikolaus von Falkenhorst
1. 2 mountain; 7 Inf.; All of Kriegsmarine
C. March 12, 1940 - Norway falls - Chamberlain falls
1. May 10 - Churchill takes over - Blitzkrieg launched
D. Narvik - 13 Allied Battalions vs. 10 German
2 Gebirgs Jager Scharnhort
3 Cruisers-Lost to Germany Gneisenau / Hipper
10 Destroyers - Lost to Germany Sink Glorious Escort
V. PLANNING
A. Germany
1. Case Yellow " Schlieffen Plan"
2. Mansteins Plan
a. Sichelschnitt
b. Hitler approves Hybrid of Plan
3. Rundstedt - Manstein's Commander
4. Army Group B - von Bock - Holland, Belgium
5. Army Group A - von Rundstaedt - Lux.
6. Army Group C - von Leeb
B. Ardennes
1. France believed it was tank proof
C. OKH overruled
D. January 10th - Plane went down in Belgium with plans of Plan Yellow
E. Manstein's Plan accepted
F. 7 Panzer Divisions / All under Kleist
1. Group B - 3 Panzer Div.; 2 Corps - Hopner and Schmidts
2. Army Group A - Guderin's XIX Panzer Corps
a. 3 Divisions - 1st, 2nd, 10th
3. Reinhardt's XLI - Panzer Corps - 2 Divisions - 6th & 8th
4. Hoth's XV Panzer Corps - 7th & 5th
G. Gembloux Gap - May 12 & 13
1. Fought Prioux's 1st Cavalry Corps; 2nd & 3rd DLMS.
H. Meanwhile - Armor Reaches Sedan & Diant
1. Face 4 class B Reserve Divisions
I. DUNKIRK
1. Plan "Red" - attackson Paris
VI. BEF: 13 Divisions
A. Hurricanes - Defiants - Blenheims
1. Gloster Gladiators - Bi-plane
B. 1933 - French Modernization started
C. Germany
1. 27,000 killed
2. 111,000 wounded
3. 18,000 missing
D. France
1. 90,000 KIA
2. 200,000 wounded
3. 1,900,000 missing
E. Britain
1. 68,000
F. Belgium
1. 23,000
G. Dutch
1. 10,000
H. Aircraft
1. Lufft. 1,284.
2. RAF 931
3. France 560
*Falschirmjager
*Eben Emael
VII. AMERICAN ISOLATIONISM
A.1. Wall Street got us into the War
2. The International Arms Cartel
3. British Propaganda
B. Army
1. 1936-1940 - 268,000 Men
2. 1940-1941 - 1.5 million
C. Interwar Years
1. Army poorly equipped
2. Army undermanned
3. Poor Personnel / Poor Pay
D. Billy Mitchel - Pioneer of American Airpower
1. Guilio Douhet - Destroy enemy's "vital centers"
2. 1925 - dismissed; 1935 - B-17 developed
E. Major Claire Chennault
1. Pursuit section at Air Corps; Tactical Fighters ruled skies
2. Retired 1937
*Close Air Support Ignored
F. Navy
1. First line of defense
2. Washington Conference 1922
3. London Conference in 1933 - cruisers
4. Naval development for War in Pacific
a. LexingtonSaratoga - converted cruisers
*5. Mahan vs. Rear Admiral William A. Moffet- headed Naval Air Arm (1921-33)
G. Marine Corps
1. Amphibious Operations
2. John A. Lejeune
VIII. Orange - Japan
A. 7,000 miles to Phillipines
1. Red - U.K.
2. Black - Germany
3. Green - Mexico
B. Phillipines could not be defended - 1924
C. 1935 - Capture of Marshalls & Carolines to assist drive to Phillipines
D. 1939 - Rainbow Plans - dealing with coalition of enemies
*1. Rainbow 5 - WWII Plan
E. Japan moves in 1940
F. Occupy Indo-china - September
IX. U.S. Interests (Notes)
A. " The National interst of the U.S. required the survival of Great Britain & its postwar freedom of action as a great power." p.3.
B. 1939 - 1941
C. "Defense of Western Hemisphere"
D. Dec. 1941 ARCADIA Conference
1. Defeat Japan and Germany ( unconditional surrender)
2. Germany was the number one enemy
E. "There is no alternative to victory." p.10.
F. Bolero - Roundup Plan
1. Created by the War Plans division of the War Department General Staff.
G. July 1939 - 1941 - Military Order
1. Moved the Joint Board of the Army and Navy along with the body coordinating their strategic plans -The Army & Navy Munitions Board / The Agency controlling- Procurement Programs / & The Civilian Office-then in charge of Military production into the Executive Office of the President.
2. The Chiefs of Staff answered directly to the President
3. Secret. of War & Navy & Army had little to say
a. Secretary of War & Navy - Mr. Stimson
b. Secretary of Army - Mr. Knox
*Study Quiz
H. Militia
1. Nov. 1938 - 10,000 combat planes a year (plant capacity); 50,000 a year after France.
2. June 1940 - All out assistance to Great Britain
3. July 1941 - Oil embargo against Japan; Defend and reinforce the Phillipines
4. Garrisons and convoys in Western Atlantic
*5. "Rainbow 5" - Army-Navy Strategic Plan went into effect Dec.7, 1941.
I. Six Principles of U.S. Strategy
1. Solidarity of U.S - U.K.Alliance
2. Germany - #1 Enemy
3. U.S.S.R must be given aid to stay in the war.
4. Germany & Japan must give unconditional surrender.
5. China must be kept in the War.
6. U.S. interest to establish U.N.
X. 1940; Britain refuses to yield
A. The channel - prevents German ground forces from a direct invasion.
B. Royal Navy still very formidable
C. RAF - still intact
D. U.K. - still head of commonwealth - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, S. Africa, India
E. Could receive help from Germany's other enemies. - U.S.A & U.S.S.R.