Kail/Cavanaugh’s Human Development: A Life-Span View 5e

Chapter 2

Learning Objectives

In the Beginning: 23 Pairs of Chromosomes

  • Define chromosomes and genes.
  • Explain how chromosomes and genes carry heredity information from one generation to the next.
  • Discuss common problems and consequences involving chromosomes.
  • Explain the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes.
  • Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype.
  • Explain the difference between being homozygous and heterozygous for a particular trait.
  • Explain the difference between dominant alleles, recessive alleles, and incomplete dominance.
  • Explain how the effects of heredity and environment can be studied using twins and adopted children.
  • Describe how phenylketonuria (PKU) and Huntington’s disease are inherited.
  • Describe the disorders associated with extra autosomes or abnormal sex chromosomes.
  • Describe behavioral genetics and polygenic inheritance.
  • Describe how twin studies, adoption studies, and the isolation of DNA segments are used to determine the role of heredity and environment.
  • Describe the four general properties that describe the relation between genes and environment, including the concepts of reaction range, niche-picking, and nonshared environmental influences.

From Conception to Birth

  • Describe the timing and the major events associated with the period of the zygote.
  • Describe in vitro fertilization and how reproductive technologies are related to eugenics.
  • Describe the timing and the major events associated with the period of the embryo.
  • Describe which layers of the embryo will become which bodily system.
  • Describe the location and functions of the amnion, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and placenta.
  • Describe the difference between cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth.
  • Describe the timing and the major events associated with the period of the fetus.
  • Describe the behavior of the fetus and how it is related to later behavior.

Influences on Prenatal Development

  • Explain how maternal age can affect prenatal development.
  • Describe how maternal nutrition is related to prenatal development.
  • Explain how maternal stress affects prenatal development.
  • Describe the effects of thalidomide on prenatal development.
  • Describe the effects of cigarette smoking on prenatal development.
  • Explain the effects associated with alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy.
  • Describe the effects associated with the consumption of aspirin, caffeine, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and nicotine by the mother during pregnancy.
  • Describe the effects associated with contracting AIDS, cytomegalovirus, genital herpes, rubella, and syphilis during pregnancy.
  • Describe the effects of exposure to lead, mercury, and X-rays during pregnancy.
  • Describe how ingesting PCBs affects development.
  • List the four general principles concerning the effects of teratogens on prenatal development.
  • Describe how genetic counseling can help prevent some inherited disorders.
  • Describe the procedures used in ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling and the kind of information each provides about prenatal development.
  • Describe how various problems of prenatal development can be treated with administration of drugs to the fetus, fetal surgery, and genetic engineering.

Labor and Delivery

  • List and describe the events associated with the three stages of labor.
  • List some of the benefits associated with prepared childbirth classes.
  • Describe the circumstances under which home delivery is safe.
  • Describe the problems associated with anoxia, prematurity, and low birth weight.
  • Explain the causes of and possible preventions of the high infant mortality rate in the U.S.