Gregory’s Pediatric Anesthesia

Chapter 16 - References

1. Murat I, Constant I, Maud'huy H. Perioperative anaesthetic morbidity in children: a database of 24,165 anaesthetics over a 30-month period. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14: 158–66.

2. Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest Registry. http: //depts.washington.edu/asaccp/ POCA (accesssed 12 September 2010).

3. Smykowski L. A novel PACU design for noise reduction. J Perianesth Nurs 2008; 23: 226–9.

4. Hackel A, Badgwell JM, Binding RR et al. Guidelines for the pediatric perioperative anesthesia environment. American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Anesthesiology. Pediatrics 1999; 103: 512–15.

5. Wallen E, Venkataraman ST, Grosso MJ et al. Intrahospital transport of critically ill pediatric patients. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 1588–95.

6. Waydhas C. Intrahospital transport of critically ill patients. Crit Care 1999; 3: R83–9.

7. Pop RS. Extubation of pediatric patients: can nurses safely pull the tube? J Perianesth Nurs 2009; 24: 313–18.

8. Lucier MM, Brisson D. Extubation of pediatric patients by PACU nurses. J Perianesth Nurs 2003; 18: 91–5.

9. Streitenberger K, Breen-Reid K, Harris C. Handoffs in care – can we make them safer? Pediatr Clin North Am 2006; 53: 1185–95.

10. Catchpole KR, de Leval MR, McEwan A et al. Patient handover from surgery to intensive care: using Formula 1 pit-stop and aviation models to improve safety and quality. Paediatr Anaesth 2007; 17: 470–8.

11. American Society of Anesthesiologists Standards for Postanesthesia Care. www.asahq.org (accessed 11 September 2010).

12. Kasuya Y, Akça O, Sessler DI et al. Accuracy of postoperative end-tidal Pco2 measurements with mainstream and sidestream capnography in non-obese patients and in obese patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 609–15.

13. Standards of Perianesthesia Nursing Practice. www.aspan.org (accessed 11 September 2010).

14. Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Caldwell-Andrews AA et al. Preoperative anxiety, postoperative pain, and behavioral recovery in young children undergoing surgery. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 651–8.

15. Stargatt R, Davidson AJ, Huang GH et al. A cohort study of the incidence and risk factors for negative behavior changes in children after general anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 846–59.

16. Bru G, Carmody S, Donohue-Sword B, Bookbinder M. Parental visitation in the post-anesthesia care unit: a means to lessen anxiety. Child Health Care 1993; 22: 217–26.

17. Hall PA, Payne JF, Stack CG, Stokes MA. Parents in the recovery room: survey of parental and staff attitudes. BMJ 1995; 310: 163–4.

18. Lardner DR, Dick BD, Psych R, Crawford S. The effects of parental presence in the postanesthetic care unit on children's postoperative behavior: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 1102–8.

19. Polkki T, Vehvilainen-Julkunen K, Pietila AM. Parents' roles in using non-pharmacological methods in their child's postoperative pain alleviation. J Clin Nurs 2002; 11: 526–36.

20. Idvall E, Holm C, Runeson I. Pain experiences and non-pharmacological strategies for pain management after tonsillectomy: a qualitative interview study of children and parents. J Child Health Care 2005; 9: 196–207.

21. Aldrete JA. The post-anesthesia recovery score revisited. J Clin Anesth 1995; 7: 89–91.

22. Chung F, Chan VW, Ong D. A post-anesthetic discharge scoring system for home readiness after ambulatory surgery. J Clin Anesth 1995; 7: 500–6.

23. Schreiner MS, Nicolson SC, Martin T, Whitney L. Should children drink before discharge from day surgery? Anesthesiology 1992; 76: 528–33.

24. Cote CJ, Zaslavsky A, Downes JJ et al. Postoperative apnea in former preterm infants after inguinal herniorrhaphy. A combined analysis. Anesthesiology 1995; 82: 809–22.

25. Davis N, Sweeney LB. Apnea of infancy – a clinical problem. West J Med 1986; 144: 429–32.

26. Cote CJ, Kelly DH. Postoperative apnea in a full-term infant with a demonstrable respiratory pattern abnormality. Anesthesiology 1990; 72: 559–61.

27. Noseworthy J, Duran C, Khine HH. Postoperative apnea in a full-term infant. Anesthesiology 1989; 70: 879–80.

28. Tetzlaff JE, Annand DW, Pudimat MA, Nicodemus HF. Postoperative apnea in a full-term infant. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: 426–8.

29. Edler AA, Mariano ER, Golianu B et al. An analysis of factors influencing postanesthesia recovery after pediatric ambulatory tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 784–9.

30. Hines R, Barash PG, Watrous G, O'Connor T. Complications occurring in the postanesthesia care unit: a survey. Anesth Analg 1992; 74: 503–9.

31. Shah S, Shah S. A lost art: casualty of deep tracheal extubation. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19: 1243–4.

32. Litman RS, Wake N, Chan LM et al. Effect of lateral positioning on upper airway size and morphology in sedated children. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 484–8.

33. Murphy GS, Brull SJ. Residual neuromuscular block: lessons unlearned. Part I: definitions, incidence, and adverse physiologic effects of residual neuromuscular block. Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 120–8.

34. Brull SJ, Murphy GS. Residual neuromuscular block: lessons unlearned. Part II: methods to reduce the risk of residual weakness. Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 129–40.

35. Abdulatif M, Mowafi H, Al-Ghamdi A, El-Sanabary M. Dose–response relationships for neostigmine antagonism of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block in children and adults. Br J Anaesth 1996; 77: 710–15.

36. Hunter JM. Is it always necessary to antagonize residual neuromuscular block? Do children differ from adults? Br J Anaesth 1996; 77: 707–9.

37. Koka BV, Jeon IS, Andre JM et al. Postintubation croup in children. Anesth Analg 1977; 56: 501–5.

38. Weiss M, Gerber AC. Cuffed tracheal tubes in children – things have changed. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 1005–7.

39. Anene O, Meert KL, Uy H et al. Dexamethasone for the prevention of postextubation airway obstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 1666–9.

40. Bjornson CL, Klassen TP, Williamson J et al. A randomized trial of a single dose of oral dexamethasone for mild croup. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1306–13.

41. Geelhoed GC, Macdonald WB. Oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup: 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.3 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg. Pediatr Pulmonol 1995; 20: 362–8.

42. Migliori C, Gancia P, Garzoli E et al. The effects of helium/oxygen mixture (heliox) before and after extubation in long-term mechanically ventilated very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2009; 123: 1524–8.

43. Larson CP Jr. Laryngospasm – the best treatment. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 1293–4.

44. Afshan G, Chohan U, Qamar-Ul-Hoda M, Kamal RS. Is there a role of a small dose of propofol in the treatment of laryngeal spasm? Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12: 625–8.

45. Finer NN, Higgins R, Kattwinkel J, Martin RJ. Summary proceedings from the apnea-of-prematurity group. Pediatrics 2006; 117: S47–51.

46. Barrington KJ, Finer NN. Periodic breathing and apnea in preterm infants. Pediatr Res 1990; 27: 118–21.

47. Lagercrantz H. Improved understanding of respiratory control – implications for the treatment of apnoea. Eur J Pediatr 1995; 154: S10–12.

48. Schwengel DA, Sterni LM, Tunkel DE, Heitmiller ES. Perioperative management of children with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 60–75.

49. Nixon GM, Kermack AS, McGregor CD et al. Sleep and breathing on the first night after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatr Pulmonol 2005; 39: 332–8.

50. Gross JB, Bachenberg KL, Benumof JL et al. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2006; 104: 1081–93.

51. Koomson A, Morin I, Brouillette R, Brown KA. Children with severe OSAS who have adenotonsillectomy in the morning are less likely to have postoperative desaturation than those operated in the afternoon. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51: 62–7.

52. Waters KA, McBrien F, Stewart P et al. Effects of OSA, inhalational anesthesia, and fentanyl on the airway and ventilation of children. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92: 1987–94.

53. Brown KA, Laferriere A, Lakheeram I, Moss IR. Recurrent hypoxemia in children is associated with increased analgesic sensitivity to opiates. Anesthesiology 2006; 105: 665–9.

54. Thiagarajan RR, Laussen PC. Negative pressure pulmonary edema in children – pathogenesis and clinical management. Paediatr Anaesth 2007; 17: 307–10.

55. Silva PS, Monteiro Neto H, Andrade M, Neves C. Negative-pressure pulmonary edema: a rare complication of upper airway obstruction in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2005; 21: 751–4.

56. Borland LM, Sereika SM, Woelfel SK et al. Pulmonary aspiration in pediatric patients during general anesthesia: incidence and outcome. J Clin Anesth 1998; 10: 95–102.

57. Daily WJ, Klaus M, Meyer HB. Apnea in premature infants: monitoring, incidence, heart rate changes, and an effect of environmental temperature. Pediatrics 1969; 43: 510–18.

58. Stanhope N. Temperature measurement in the phase I PACU. J Perianesth Nurs 2006; 21: 27–33.

59. Sessler DI. Mild perioperative hypothermia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1730–7.

60. American Society of Anesthesiologists, Pay for Performance Measures. www.asahq.org/Washington/P4P.htm (accessed 12 September 2010).

61. Panagiotis K, Maria P, Argiri P, Panagiotis S. Is postanesthesia care unit length of stay increased in hypothermic patients? AORN J 2005; 81: 379–82, 385–92.

62. Osinusi K, Njinyam MN. Comparison of body temperatures taken at different sites and the reliability of axillary temperature in screening for fever. Afr J Med Med Sci 1997; 26: 163–6.

63. Klein M, DeWitt TG. Reliability of parent-measured axillary temperatures. Clin Pediatr 2010; 49: 271–3.

64. Fossum S, Hays J, Henson MM. A comparison study on the effects of prewarming patients in the outpatient surgery setting. J Perianesth Nurs 2001; 16: 187–94.

65. Bock M, Muller J, Bach A et al. Effects of preinduction and intraoperative warming during major laparotomy. Br J Anaesth 1998; 80: 159–63.

66. Feroe DD, Augustine SD. Hypothermia in the PACU. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1991; 3: 135–44.

67. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for postanesthetic care: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Postanesthetic Care. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 742–52.

68. Pollock N, Langton E, McDonnell N et al. Malignant hyperthermia and day stay surgery. Anaesth Intens Care 2006; 34: 40–5.

69. Pollock N, Langtont E, Stowell K et al. Safe duration of postoperative monitoring for malignant hyperthermia susceptible patients. Anaesth Intens Care 2004; 32: 502–9.

70. Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States. http: //medical.mhaus.org/index.cfm/ (accessed 12 September 2010).

71. Sikich N, Lerman J. Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 1138–45.

72. Kuratani N, Oi Y. Greater incidence of emergence agitation in children after sevoflurane anesthesia as compared with halothane: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 225–32.

73. Welborn LG, Hannallah RS, Norden JM et al. Comparison of emergence and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane, desflurane, and halothane in pediatric ambulatory patients. Anesth Analg 1996; 83: 917–20.

74. Mayer J, Boldt J, Rohm KD et al. Desflurane anesthesia after sevoflurane inhaled induction reduces severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing minor ear–nose–throat surgery compared with sevoflurane induction and maintenance. Anesth Analg 2006; 102: 400–4.

75. Cravero JP, Beach M, Dodge CP, Whalen K. Emergence characteristics of sevoflurane compared to halothane in pediatric patients undergoing bilateral pressure equalization tube insertion. J Clin Anesth 2000; 12: 397–401.

76. Oh AY, Seo KS, Kim SD et al. Delayed emergence process does not result in a lower incidence of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 297–9.

77. Cohen IT, Finkel JC, Hannallah RS et al. Rapid emergence does not explain agitation following sevoflurane anaesthesia in infants and children: a comparison with propofol. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13: 63–7.

78. Uezono S, Goto T, Terui K et al. Emergence agitation after sevoflurane versus propofol in pediatric patients. Anesth Analg 2000; 91: 563–6.

79. Voepel-Lewis T, Malviya S, Tait AR. A prospective cohort study of emergence agitation in the pediatric postanesthesia care unit. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 1625–30.

80. Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Maranets I et al. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors. Anesth Analg 2004; 99: 1648–54.

81. Weldon BC, Bell M, Craddock T. The effect of caudal analgesia on emergence agitation in children after sevoflurane versus halothane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 321–6.

82. Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Cicchetti DV et al. The Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale: how does it compare with a "gold standard"? Anesth Analg 1997; 85: 783–8.

83. Cravero JP, Beach M, Thyr B, Whalen K. The effect of small dose fentanyl on the emergence characteristics of pediatric patients after sevoflurane anesthesia without surgery. Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 364–7.

84. Aouad MT, Kanazi GE, Siddik-Sayyid SM et al. Preoperative caudal block prevents emergence agitation in children following sevoflurane anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 300–4.

85. Dahmani S, Stany I, Brasher C et al. Pharmacological prevention of sevoflurane- and desflurane-related emergence agitation in children: a meta-analysis of published studies. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104: 216–23.

86. Kulka PJ, Bressem M, Tryba M. Clonidine prevents sevoflurane-induced agitation in children. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 335–8.

87. Lankinen U, Avela R, Tarkkila P. The prevention of emergence agitation with tropisetron or clonidine after sevoflurane anesthesia in small children undergoing adenoidectomy. Anesth Analg 2006; 102: 1383–6.

88. Ibacache ME, Munoz HR, Brandes V, Morales AL. Single-dose dexmedetomidine reduces agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 60–3.

89. Shukry M, Clyde MC, Kalarickal PL, Ramadhyani U. Does dexmedetomidine prevent emergence delirium in children after sevoflurane-based general anesthesia? Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15: 1098–104.

90. Kain ZN, MacLaren JE, Herrmann L et al. Preoperative melatonin and its effects on induction and emergence in children undergoing anesthesia and surgery. Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 44–9.

91. Burke CN, Voepel-Lewis T, Hadden S et al. Parental presence on emergence: effect on postanesthesia agitation and parent satisfaction. J Perianesth Nurs 2009; 24: 216–21.

92. Brull SJ. Lipid emulsion for the treatment of local anesthetic toxicity: patient safety implications. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 1337–9.

93. Moos DD. Central anticholinergic syndrome: a case report. J Perianesth Nurs 2007; 22: 309–21.

94. Merkel S MS. Pediatric pain, tools, and assessment. J Perianesth Nurs 2000; 15: 408–14.

95. Beyer JE, Knott C. Construct validity estimation for the African-American and Hispanic versions of the Oucher Scale. J Pediatr Nurs 1998; 13: 20–31.

96. Beyer JE, McGrath PJ, Berde CB. Discordance between self-report and behavioral pain measures in children aged 3–7 years after surgery. J Pain Symptom Manage 1990; 5: 350–6.