Fifth Grade Science Study Guide TAKS Objective 1

TAKS Objective 3 Study Guide (Grade 5)SMW, 2004

Fifth Grade Science Study Guide—TAKS Objective 3

Name Date

Study the following words.

1atom—the smallest unit of an element that has all the properties of that

element

2chemical change—changes in matter in which one or more new substances are formed

3condensation—the process by which a gas changes into a liquid

4electric charge—the charge obtained by an object when it gains or loses electrons

5electric circuit—the path along which electrons flow

6electrical energy—energy of moving electrons

7energy—the ability to cause changes in matter

8evaporation—the process by which a liquid changes into a gas

9force—a push or a pull on an object—can cause an object to move, change

direction, or stop moving

10friction—a force that acts against motion when two surfaces rub against each

other

11gas—matter with no definite shape or volume

12gravity—a force that pulls all objects in the universe toward one another

13liquid—Matter that has a definite volume but takes the shape of its

container

14mass—the amount of matter in an object

15matter—anything that has mass and takes up space

16mechanical energy—energy that puts something in motion

17mixture—a combination of two or more different kinds of matter, each of

which keeps its own physical properties

18molecule—a grouping of two or more atoms joined together

19nuclear energy—energy locked in the nucleus of an atom

20physical change—a special type of mixture in which particles of the two substances are evenly mixed and cannot be easily separated

21pitch—how high or low a sound is as determined by the frequency

(waves) per second of the vibration that produces the sound

22precipitation—any form of water that falls from clouds such as rain or snow

23radiant energy—energy that moves in waves

24reflection—the bouncing of light (or sound) off objects

25refraction—the bending of light rays when they pass from one substance into a

different substance

26solid—matter that has a definite shape and volume

27solution—a special type of mixture in which particles of the two substances are evenly mixed and cannot be easily separated

28sound—the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal waves

29thermal energy—heat energy; energy of moving molecules

30vibration—rapid back and forth movement of matter that produces sound

31volume—the loudness of a sound

32weight—the measure of the force of gravity on an object

33work—the use of force to move an object through a distance

Problema question that must be discussed or solved

Hypothesisa statement of an idea that can be tested experimentally

Investigationthe process of discovery—classifying, observing, measuring, inferring, communicating, experimenting—using manipulated and controlled variables

Conclusionthe results obtained by investigation and the opinion reached based on the experimentation

Energy is what makes things happen!!

Potential Energy—the energy an object stores because of its position

Kinetic energy—the energy of moving objects

Solar Energy—energy that comes from the sun

Geothermal or Heat Energy—the kinetic and potential energies of the atoms as they wiggle inside an object; it can be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation

Electrical Energy—created by the movement of small charges that make up all matter

Sound Energy—energy caused by the vibration of objects

Biomass Energy—energy from plants

Energy from Fossil Fuels—Burning coal, natural gas, and petroleum releases energy stored in the fuel as heat.

Hydro Power and Ocean Energy—the energy found in running water

Nuclear Energy—the energy that comes from the process of joining two atoms to form a new molecule or splitting an atom into lighter elements

Wind Energy—energy found in moving wind

Law of Conservation of Energy—energy can be neither created nor destroyed; it can only change forms

RenewableNonrenewable

biomass—chemicalcoal—chemical

geothermal—heatnatural gas—chemical

hydropower—mechanical uranium—nuclear

solar—radiant petroleum—chemical

wind—mechanicalpropane—chemical

Electricity only moves through wires when the wires are part of a circuit.

A complete circuit begins and ends at a source of electricity.

Series Circuit

Parallel circuit

Every sound begins as motion.

Sound is caused by vibrations—back and forth movements of objects.

Sound travels in waves.

White light is made up of a combination of the colors of the visible spectrum. These are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

Transparent materials allow light to pass through so the image is clearly viewed.

Translucent materials allow some light to pass through so that the image viewed is not clear.

Opaque materials let no light pass through so no image is viewed.

Reflection—When light bounces back off of an object, it is called reflection.

Refraction—When light passes from one material to another at an angle, the light bends. This bending of light is called refraction.

Forces are what set matter in motion.

Forces can stop motion, too.

A push or a pull is a force.

Motion is a change in an object’s position.

Inertiais the tendency of a moving object to keep moving or for an object at rest to remain at rest.

The amount of inertia an object has is determined by its mass. The larger the mass, the greater the inertia. Think about a soccer ball and a bowling ball. They are about the same size, but the bowling ball has much more mass. The bowling ball is harder to lift or push because it has a greater amount of inertia.

Gravity is the force that pulls objects towards the center of the Earth. The strength of gravitation depends on the masses of the objects and how far apart they are.

Friction is a force that opposes or acts against motion when two surfaces rub against each other. Rough surfaces produce more friction than smooth surfaces.

Magnetism repulses (pushes) or attracts (pulls) between the poles of magnets. The north and south poles of magnets attract each other, while like poles repel each other.

In order to calculate velocity (speed), you must know the distance traveled and the time that the object has been in motion. To find the speed, divide the distance by the time.

Velocity (speed) =

1. An object at rest tends to stay at rest and a moving object tends to move in a straight line at a constant speed unless an outside force acts on it.
2. An object’s acceleration (increase in speed) depends on the mass of the object and the size and direction of the force acting on it.
3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Mass—The amount of matter in an object is called its mass.

Weight—Weight is the measure of the force of gravity on matter.

Melting Point—The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which the substance changes from a solid to a liquid. Ice changes to a liquid when it goes above 0ºC.

Boiling Point—The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the substance changes from a liquid to a gas. Water changes to steam at its boiling point of approximately 100ºC.

Magnetism—Magnetic substances are attracted to strong magnets. Iron nails are magnetic, but toothpicks are not.

Ability to Conduct Electricity—Some substances can conduct, or carry electricity better than others. A metal wire is a good conductor of electricity, but the plastic cover around the wire is not. Matter that does not conduct electricity is called an insulator.

Solid Liquid Gas

The particles in aThe particles in aThe particles in a

solid are packedliquid move moregas are the farthest

tightly together.freely, enough toapart and move the

slide past one another.fastest.

1A student places a cube of sugar in a cup of hot tea and stirs the tea with a spoon. What change will occur?

A The tea will change temperature and get hotter.

B The sugar cube will dissolve and get smaller.

C The sugar cube and the tea will not change.

D The tea will dissolve in the sugar cube.

2A circuit has a battery, wire, and a bulb. Which of the following shows all the energy changes that happen for the energy stored in the batter to produce light in the bulb?

FElectrical energy  light energy  Heat energy  Chemical energy

GChemical energy  light energy  Geothermal energy  potential energy

HChemical energy  electrical energy  heat energy  light energy

JChemical energy  electrical energy  light energy  light

3Which form of energy results from the movement of electrons?

Asolar

Blight

Cheat

Delectrical

4Which of the following is a characteristic property that could be used to identify a substance as water?

FWater is always a liquid.

GOrganisms need water to live.

HThings dissolve in water.

JWater boils at about 100ºC.

5Sound travels faster in steel than in water because the particles of matter in steel .

Avibrate faster

Bare further apart

Cvibrate more slowly

Dare closer together

6A student adds sugar to a glass of lemonade and stirs. The drawing below shows how the appearance of the salt changed as it formed a solution with the water. What happened to the salt?

FThe sugar crystals grew in size as they mixed with the particles of lemonade.

GThe sugar crystals broke into smaller particles and mixed with the lemonade.

HThe sugar crystals disappeared because the lemonade is darker than sugar.

JThe sugar crystals collected at the bottom of the container of lemonade.

7Two students wanted to find out which of their toy race cars would go the farthest. They let each car roll down a ramp and then measured how far the cars rolled. Which of these should be held constant if they want a fair test of their cars?

AThe height of the ramp

BThe weight of the ramp

CThe length of the cars

DThe shape of the cars

8If a marble and a baseball are both dropped 10 feet from the ground at the same time, what will most likely happen?

FThe marble will hit the ground first.

GThe baseball will hit the ground first.

HThey will hit the ground at the same time.

JThe baseball will bounce back up in the air.

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