Fall Semester Review Preap Biology Fall 2008

Name______

Period______

EOQ 1 Review PAP Biology

TEKS: 2ABCD, 3A, 4AB, 6 ABCDEF, 9ABC

Topics: Safety & Scientific Processes, Biochemistry (Inorganic & Organic), DNA (Replication), Cell Division, & Cell Structure & Function

Use the picture to the left to answer the following questions:

1. A. Object C will enable you to

B. Object D will enable you to

1. A. On what magnification is it okay to use C?

B. On what magnifications should you use D?

1. A. In order to increase magnification power

You would adjust

B. Total magnification would be obtained by

Multiplying ____ x ____

4. Describe how to make a wet mount slide.

5. Julie cuts her finger with a scalpel in lab. She should 1st______.

6. When working with chemicals, students should first read an MSDS. What information is included on MSDS sheets?

Fill in the blanks

7. In an experiment, a group that receives no treatment is called a(n) ______group.

8. In an experiment, the factor that is changed/manipulated/varied is called the ______variable.

9. In an experiment, the factor that is measured is called the ______variable.

10. Which group is considered the “normal group”… why is it important to have that in an experiment?

A chicken bone was placed in a graduated cylinder containing 100 milliliters of water. The diagram to the right illustrates the new level of water.

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11. What is the volume of the chicken bone?

Analyzing Experimental Design

Background

To study the effects of common substances on the heart rate of tiny aquatic organisms known as Daphnia, students placed a Daphnia in a drop of water on a glass slide. The students then added 1 or more drops of a test substance dissolved in water to the slide, waited 10 seconds, then counted heart beats for 10 seconds. The students used a clean slide and a new Daphnia each time. Their data table is shown below.

Heart Rate of Daphnia in Different Solutions

Substance testedHeart rate (beats per minute)

Analysis

Identify the dependent and independent variables in the experiment.

Identify the experimental groups in the experiment.

What would have been a good control group?

Evaluate how the instructions could be changed to improve the design of the experiment.

Graphing

Make a triple bar graph of the data in this table. Make sure you follow all of the guidelines for correctly constructing graphs.

Biochemistry

1. Draw a water molecule; label the atoms and the partial charges.

1. What bonds hold the hydrogen and oxygen together WITHIN a water molecule? Covalent bonds
2. What type of “bonds” hold multiple water molecules to one another? Hydrogen “bonds”
3. Why is water polar? Water is polar because of an uneven distribution of electrons resulting in a positive end or “pole” and a negative end or “pole” on the molecule. The hydrogen end is “positive” and the oxygen end is “negative” because the oxygen pulls the electrons away from the hydrogens.

1. Why is water inorganic? ______

1. Explain the 10 properties of water.

1.Water is inorganic—because it does not contain carbon

1. Water has a set molecular structure— H2O (see diagram from Holt Biology)
2. A Water molecule is held together by covalent bonds
3. Water molecules are held to each other by hydrogen bonds

5.Water is polar—because of its uneven distribution of charge; results in most of the other unique properties of water

oPolar molecules (like water) dissolve polar and ionic molecules (“like dissolves like”)

oNonpolar molecules do not dissolve well in water

oImportant in membrane structure and function

6.Water has a high specific heat

Water heats slowly and retains heat longer than many other substances

Important in helping organisms maintain body temperature through evaporation of water, which carries the heat away

7.Cohesion and adhesion

Water’s polar nature makes it exhibit both cohesion and adhesion

Cohesion – attraction between water molecules (hydrogen bonds)

-causes surface tension

-causes drops of water to form

Adhesion – attraction between a water molecule and another substance

-causes substances to get wet

-causes capillary action

1. Water’s attraction to itself causes surface tension—a condition in which the surface of water will not break or stretch easily because of the attraction
2. Water exhibits capillary action—process where water molecules can move up a tube, such as the xylem inside a plant stem
3. liquid water has a density of 1 g/ml—In general, solid water is less dense than liquid water

1. Differentiate between an acid and a base. An acid has a pH of ______, while a base has a pH of ______. Something that is “neutral” has a pH of exactly 7.0.

1. Draw and label the pH scale with the numbers 0-14. Then, add descriptors: neutral, very acidic, slightly acidic, very basic, and slightly basic.

1. What element must all organic compounds contain? ______

1. Fill in the chart below regarding the 4 organic compounds.

1. The two types of lipids are saturated and unsaturated- which one has a double bond holding two carbons together? Which comes from animals, which from plants? Which is liquid at room temp, which is solid?

1. What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide? What group of Organic Compounds are these?

1. What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

14. Write the chemical formula for glucose ______What ratio of CHO is seen in glucose? ______What ratio is seen in all carbohydrates? ______

15. Differentiate between these three polysaccharides: starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

DNA and DNA Replication

1. DNA stands for ______; RNA stands for ______

1. All living things contain DNA. Where is the DNA found in eukaryotes?

1. The sequence of DNA determines what in living organisms?

1. 3 Differences between DNA & RNA

1. DNA and RNA are made of smaller subunits called nucleotides which are made up of 3 parts: ______, ______, and ______Draw and label one.

1. If one side of a DNA strand reads:

5’ACGTCGAAGCCA3’

What would the complimentary strand read?

1. Describe the shape of DNA.

1. In DNA, purines bond with pyrimidines. Fill in the chart.

1. The “bonds” that hold the nitrogen bases are ______“bonds”

1. Those bonds are broken by what enzymeduring the unzipping process of DNA during replication?

1. Which enzyme adds back nucleotides to form two new strands of DNA?

1. Define DNA replication. (DNA  2DNA)

1. List the steps of DNA replication, starting with “1. DNA unwinds.…”

Chromosomes and Mitosis

1. Draw a chromosome:

1. Label the sister chromatids and centromere in the chromosome you just drew

1. What is chromatin?

1. Where would you find chromosomes inside of the cell?

1. Label the Cell Cycle diagram below

6. What happens in the G1, S and G2 stages within interphase?

7. Which phase does DNA replication take place?

8. What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

9. Where do our cells spend 90% of the time?

10. Draw and label a cell in interphase and a cell in EACH stage of mitosis.

Using the diagram above identify a cell in interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

11. What are spindle fibers and what do they do during mitosis?

12. What is the difference between plant and animal cells when they are in cytokinesis?

13. Why is mitosis important (what 3 things does it help do in your body)?

14. Mitosis can be a form of ______reproduction.

15. After mitosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell compared to the parent cell in humans?

______in the daughter cells while there were ______in the parent cells

16. What type of cells does mitosis produce? ______

17. Uncontrolled cell division is more commonaly known as?

18. Which stage of cell division produces two nuclei? (Interphase, Mitosis or Cytokinesis)

19. Which stage of cell division produces two cells? (Interphase, Mitosis or Cytokinesis)

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Cells & Cell Processes

Identify the organelles AND give the function of each.

1. The ______, the cell’s “powerhouse”, converts glucose to energy (ATP) during cell respiration.
2. The jelly-like substance in cells that supports organelles is called ______.

1. The ______is the large central sac in plant cells that stores water and wastes. What does it do for the plant?

1. What structure do cells need to make proteins? ______Where are these structures made? ______

1. In which organelle does DNA replication take place in order for new cells to have a copy of DNA? ______Why is DNA important?

1. Name the 2 structures that are found in animal cells and not found in plant cells.

______and ______.

1. What does the cell membrane consist of? ______

Draw and label it. Use the terms hydrophilic, hydrophobic, phospholipid.

What is the FUNCTION of the cell/plasma membrane? ______

1. What type of cell needs the most mitochondria? (nerve, muscle, blood, or bacteria) Why? ______

1. What type of cells would have a lot of smooth ER? (nerve, muscle, liver, or heart) Why? ______

1. Name the 5 structures common to ALL cells. Nucleus is NOT one of them.
2. Below are diagrams of “typical” animal and plant cells. On the animal cell, follow the rules for scientific drawings to create labels for ALL of the structures shown. Then, write a brief description of the function of each structure. On the plant cell, look at the similarities and differences. Put a box around the 3 structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells. Explain WHY each of those 3 structures are required by a plant but not by an animal.

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