Fall 2010 Exam Study Guide

Name ______

Fall 2010 Exam Study Guide

Completion

Complete each sentence or statement.

1.The information you gather during an experiment is called your ______.

2.The name given to the idea that life could arise from nonliving matter is ______.

3.The science that seeks to understand the living world is called ______.

4.The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes is called ______.

5.Biologists who study cactuses and African violets would be called ______.

6.A revised version of the original ______system is called SI, or the International Systems of Units.

7.A mass of 3000 kg is equal to ______t.

8.To obtain identical copies of a single cell, scientists make a ______.

9.The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and ______.

10.If an atom contains 15 protons, it must contain 15 ______.

11.Because they have the same number of protons and electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same ______properties.

12.A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons is a(an) ______bond.

13.Water’s ______allows it to dissolve compounds such as table salt (NaCl).

14.The stomach produces a(an) ______to help digest food.

15.The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as ______.

Figure 3–3

16.The water shown flowing over land in Figure 3–3 is called ______.

17.The use of radio tags, satellites, and microscopes are all techniques employed in the basicecological research method of ______.

18.Organisms that break down organic matter and return it to the environment are called ______.

Figure 3–1

19.Of the organisms represented in Figure 3–1, the organisms in the oceans with the smallest total biomass are most likely the ______.

20.The organisms in the greatest numbers in Figure 3–1 are the ______.

21.In a four-level energy pyramid, if the first level contains 500 calories of energy, the third level will contain approximately ______calories.

22.Ground water, when taken up by the roots of plants, eventually reenters the atmosphere by the process of ______.

23.The chemical substances that an organism requires to live are called ______.

24.Phosphorus is a key ingredient of ______because farmers know that it forms part of the energy-producing molecules that plants require in order to grow.

25.The energy of incoming ______drives Earth’s weather and helps to determine climate.

26.Atmospheric gases that trap heat inside Earth’s atmosphere are called ______gases.

Figure 4–1

27.According to Figure 4–1, the north polar zone lies above ______latitude.

28.As shown in Figure 4–1, the climate zone that receives the most direct sunlight throughout the year lies between ______and ______latitudes.

29.Organisms within an ecosystem are ______factors in that ecosystem.

30.Over time, some plants growing in an area are crowded out by other plants. The new plants use up water and nutrients needed by the previous plants. The disappearance of the first plants is due to ______.

31.A small city park that is sunnier and windier than the climate of the surrounding areas has its own ______.

32.An aquatic environment’s water ______refers to the amount of dissolved salts, nutrients, and oxygen in the water.

33.Photosynthesis is limited to the well-lit upper layer of the ocean, which scientists refer to as the ______zone.

34.Coral reefs cannot survive more than 40 meters below the ocean surface because of their ______relationship with algae.

35.Emigration can cause a population to ______in size.

36.Zero population growth is a characteristic of ______population growth.

37.Competition, predation, parasitism, and ______are density-dependent limiting factors.

38.The rise-and-fall cycle of a predator-prey relationship is a density-______relationship.

39.A diagram that illustrates how many people of different ages and gender are presently living in a country is called a(an) ______.

40.The change in growth rate that results from the change in birthrates and death rates is known as a ______.

41.During early human history, the growth rate was low because the birthrate was high and the death rate was ______.

42.Social and ______factors explain why some countries have high growth rates, whereas other countries grow slowly or not at all.

43.The exponential growth rate of some countries indicates that these countries have not yet fully ______socially and economically.

44.The ______of animals was an important event in history for the advancement of agriculture and contributed to a reliable food supply.

45.______is a hard, bricklike material formed from tropical soils due to deforestation.

46.Microscopic particles, such as dust and ash, that can enter the nose, mouth, and lungs are called ______.

47.Excessive levels of DDT in a small algae-eating fish is an example of ______.

48.Conservation biology integrates information from other scientific disciplines, such as ______, geography, and natural resource management.

49.According to the cell theory, all cells come from existing ______.

50.In a eukaryote, the material between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the ______.

Figure 7–2

51.The material indicated in Figure 7–2 by the letter B is called the ______.

Figure 7–3

52.RNA and other molecules leave the nucleus through the structure labeled ______in Figure 7–3.

53.Eukaryotes contain specialized structures that perform important cellular functions. These structures are called ______.

54.Unlike smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum has ______attached to it.

55.Enzymes in the ______attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins.

56.The cell takes in food and water and eliminates wastes through the ______.

57.Large molecules such as glucose that cannot cross the lipid bilayer can still move across the membrane with a concentration gradient by ______.

58.The cells in a multicellular organism have specific jobs. This is called cell ______.

59.The geologist ______proposed that past changes in Earth must be explained in terms of events and processes observable today.

60.According to Lamarck, evolution resulted from the inheritance of ______traits.

61.When a population’s birthrate exceeds its death rate, the size of the population ______.

62.Charles Darwin observed that instead of being perfect and unchanging, individuals in a species show ______.

63.According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, ______change over time.

64.Darwin proposed that natural selection took place as individuals best suited to the ______survived and reproduced.

65.Charles Darwin realized that the measure of success for an organism was not only a long period of survival but also ______.

66.Indricotherium was an extinct mammal that stood more than 5 meters high at the shoulder. The earliest era or period during which Indricotherium could have lived was the ______.

67.Mammals have ______and body fat that help conserve body heat.

68.A flexible ______allows mammals to move both vertically and from side to side.

69.If a mammal has a rumen in its digestive tract, the mammal’s molars and premolars are adapted for grinding ______.

70.During embryonic development, a young mammal’s blood comes closest to its mother’s blood when the blood of the developing embryo flows through ______.

71.Because an oryx has four toes on each foot, this hoofed mammal is classified in the order called ______.

72.If geographically isolated species have similar characteristics that were not present in their ancestors, those mammals are said to have undergone ______.

73.Primates can display more complex behaviors than many other mammals because their brains have a well-developed ______.

74.The anthropoids that are native to Central and South America are called ______monkeys.

75.Members of the species Homo ______flourished in Europe from 200,000 to 30,000 years ago.

Short Answer

76.A number of rats are divided into two groups: One group is fed a normal diet, whereas the other group is fed the same diet but with one necessary mineral left out. The animals receiving the normal diet remained healthy; those in the other group grew weaker. Formulate a hypothesis based on this experiment.

77.What is a hypothesis?

78.What flaw did supporters of spontaneous generation find with Spallanzani’s experimentation and his resulting conclusion that nonliving gravy did not produce living things?

79.What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

80.Which characteristic of living things is important to the survival of a group of animals rather than an individual member of this group? Why?

81.What structures are included in the level of organization called groups of cells?

82.What is the metric system?

83.How do light microscopes differ from electron microscopes?

84.Why are atoms considered neutral?

85.What is a molecule?

86.What are the main types of chemical bonds?

87.What accounts for water’s properties of adhesion and cohesion?

88.Where would you most likely find shared electrons in a water molecule?

89.What is a mixture?

90.What is one of the most important factors in determining whether a chemical reaction will occur?

91.Explain the ecological significance of interdependence.

Figure 3–1

92.Describe the role of algae illustrated in Figure 3–1.

93.Describe the flow of energy among the following members of an ecosystem: decomposers, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and the sun.

94.How are atmospheric gases like the glass in a greenhouse?

95.What are greenhouse gases?

Figure 4–1

96.Using Figure 4–1, explain why average temperatures decrease with increasing distance from the equator.

97.Explain why the food that a bullfrog eats is considered a part of its niche.

98.What is an ecological resource?

99.Describe an important role that pioneer species play in primary succession.

100.How does emigration affect population size?

101.Why must wildlife biologists consider immigration and emigration when studying certain animals?

102.Describe the graph of exponential growth.

103.What is a limiting factor? Give two or three examples.

104.What are some factors that keep a population from growing further once it reaches the carrying capacity of its environment?

105.What is suburban growth?

106.Why is biodiversity one of Earth’s greatest natural resources?

107.Calculate how much DDT could be found in the tissues of a fish on the third trophic level if the concentration of DDT in the water is 10 parts per million.

108.How is hunting a threat to biodiversity?

109.What is a biodiversity “hot spot”? Where is such a hot spot in the United States?

110.What is ozone? Why is it important?

111.What does the cell theory say?

Figure 7–3

112.Identify the structure shown in Figure 7–3 and describe its main functions.

113.What would happen if the cell membrane became impermeable?

114.Suppose a cell were treated with a chemical that inhibits active transport. What would happen?

115.Explain, in terms of osmosis, why a raisin placed in a cup of pure water overnight will puff up with water.

116.In what way did the voyage of the Beagle provide Charles Darwin with an ideal opportunity for collecting and analyzing data?

117.What evidence did Charles Darwin collect in addition to specimens of organisms alive during his time?

118.What did observations of the tortoises of the Galápagos lead Charles Darwin to hypothesize about these animals’ ancestry?

119.How did the farmers observed by Charles Darwin improve their livestock?

Figure 15–1

120.According to Figure 15–1, modern whales have a vestigial pelvis and femur. What does this evidence suggest about ancestors of modern whales?

121.How can mammals be distinguished from other vertebrates on the basis of the fossils they leave behind?

122.What is the function of the diaphragm?

123.Bony fishes that live in the ocean continually lose water across their respiratory surfaces, because the salt concentration in sea water is higher than that in the fishes’ bodies. Why don’t marine mammals encounter the same problem?

124.What adaptation of primates makes it possible for a person to swim the backstroke?

125.What is a prosimian?

Other

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

A scientist conducted an experiment to determine the effect of environment on the color of fur of a Himalayan rabbit. The Himalayan rabbit typically has a white coat except for its colder nose, feet, tail, and ears, which are black. The scientist shaved an area of hair on the back of each rabbit, then placed an ice pack over the shaved area on one rabbit (A).

Figure 1–1

126.Formulating Hypotheses Before completing the experiment in Figure 1–1, the scientist made a hypothesis. What is the hypothesis she is testing?

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 1–3

127.Calculating If you have 2 L of water, how many milliliters do you have?

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 2–1

128.Applying Concepts Based on Figure 2–1, what is the atomic number of oxygen?

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 2–2

129.Applying Concepts What is the pH of the strongest base listed in Figure 2–2?

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 3–5

130.Predicting How might a large omnivore change the flow of energy in Figure 3–5, Diagram II?

131.Applying Concepts What three scientific approaches do ecologists use to explain complex relationships, such as in the ecological pyramids in Figure 3–5?

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 4–2

132.Using Tables and Graphs Which biomes listed in Figure 4–2 include areas that have an average yearly rainfall of less than 75 cm? Which biomes include areas that have an average yearly rainfall of more than 200 cm?

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 4–3

133.Applying Concepts Describe some of the biotic and abiotic factors you might find at point A and in region B of Figure 4–3.

134.Comparing and Contrasting Compare and contrast region E in Figure 4–3 with region D. Describe the physical characteristics of each region.

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 4–4

135.Using Models Figure 4–4 shows an event that is taking place at about 2000 meters on the open ocean. Identify the event, the zones where it is happening, and its importance to the marine biome.

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Graph I shows the growth curve for a culture of Parameciumaurelia. Graph II shows the growth curve for a culture of Parameciumcaudatum, a larger species. Graph III shows the growth curves of both species when they are grown together.

Figure 5–2

136.Observing What type of population growth curve can be observed in Graphs I and II of Figure 5–2?

137.Drawing Conclusions Are the limiting factors for all cultures in Figure 5–2 density-dependent or density-independent? Explain.

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 5–3

138.Inferring Describe the type of growth Mexico is experiencing. If the death rate fell, how would a demographer describe that stage of growth?

139.Interpreting Graphics Using Figure 5–3, determine the percentage of the Mexican population that is ages 5–9.

140.Using Models What evidence do you see in Figure 5–3 that the United States is gradually entering the last stage of demographic transition?

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Existing Species and Endangered Organisms

Figure 6–1

141.Using Tables and Graphs Which group of species has the highest number on the list of endangered species in Figure 6–1, Table II?

142.Analyzing Data Which table in Figure 6–1 tells you about the numbers of species whose population size is declining in a way that places it in danger of extinction?

143.Predicting After 10 years, if conservation efforts are supported to protect entire ecosystems, how would Table II in Figure 6–1 likely change?

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

A student put together the experimental setup shown below. The selectively permeable membrane is permeable to both types of solute molecules shown.