US History
Fort Burrows
“ ‘member your man’ers, when visit’in others,’
You’all when in East Texas, Y’all when at home in North Texas,
Ya’ll ifin you go down South, Yall if spoken on the Great Plains of West Texas.”
Leon’s Last Quote for his Favorite Class of 2011
Leon loves each and every one of you, I told me so.
18.4 The End of Reconstruction
When the North lost interest in protecting the goals of the Reconstruction,
the era came to an end.
poll tax –tax required before a person can vote
literacy test –examination to see if a person can read and write;
used in the past to restrict voting rights
grandfather clause –law that excused a voter from a literacy test if his father or
grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867;
protected the southern whites but not the southern blacks
segregation –legal separation of races
Jim Crow laws –laws that separated people of different races in
public places in the south
Plessy v. Ferguson –1896 Supreme Court case which ruled that segregation in
public facilities was legal as long as the facilities were equal
“New South” –term used to describe the South in the late 1800s when efforts were
made to expand the economy by building up industry
manipulate – to control or use something in a skillful way
abundant – more than enough
dispute – argue against
revolutionize – to create a radical change
Americans flocked to the great Centennial Exposition held in Philadelphia in 1876.{10 million visitors during the six-month period}. Fairgoers gazed at the latest wonders on modern industry—the elevator, a giant steam engine, and the telephone (“Of what use is such an invention?”, asked the New York Tribune.)
At the opening ceremony, Frederick Douglass was invited to take his place, a policeman barred the way. The officer could not believe that a black man belonged on stage. Finally, a United States Senator persuaded the policeman to let Douglass pass.
By 1876, Americans were looking ahead to a bright future. Eager to put the past behind them, many Northerners lost interest in Reconstruction. For African Americans in the South, the end of Reconstruction meant a slow erosion of their hard-won rights.
The End of Reconstruction
By the 1870’s, Radical Republicans were losing power. Many Northerners grew weary of trying to reform the South. It was time to let southerners run their governments, they said—even if it meant that African Americans in the South might lose their rights.
Radicals in Decline
Љ widespread corruption
Љ Grant appoints many of his friends to government offices
Љ some of them steal large sums of money from the federal government
Љ Grant wins reelection in 1872 but, many of the average northerners have lost
faith in the Republican party and its policies
Љ Amnesty Act of 1872 restored the right to vote to nearly ALL southern whites
Љ the whites began voting for the Democratic Party, threats of violence kept the
the blacks from voting
Љ by 1876, only 3 Southern states remained Republican – SC, FL, & TN
Election of 1876
Љ Samuel Tilden, Democrat from New York versus Rutherford B Hayes,
Republican from Ohio
Љ both vowed to end CORRUPTION
Љ Tilden won the popular vote but was ONE short in the Electoral College vote
Љ Congress set up a ‘special committee’ to decide
Љ the commission was mostly made up of Republicans…
Љ Republican Hayes becomes the 19th President
Љ Hayes had made a ‘back-room’ promise to Democrats to end Reconstruction,
so they did not fight the decision
Љ once in office, he removed the remaining federal troops from LA, SC, & FL
Љ Reconstruction is over!
1876Rutherford B Hayes, Republican Samuel J Tilden, Democrat
Popular Vote 4,034,311 – 47.9% 4,288,586 – 51.0%
Electoral Vote 185 184
States 20 18
Red denotes states won by Hayes, Green denotes those won by Tilden.
Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
¿¿ TAKS 8.10 B ¿¿ Which candidate carried the South ?
______
¿¿ TAKS 8.10 B ¿¿ Based on this map, do you think the Civil War ended sectionalism in the United States ?
______
Impact of Reconstruction
Љ white southerners had bitter memories of the Radical Republican policies
Љ for the next hundred years the South remained a stronghold for the Democrats
Љ …and black southerners continued to lose political rights
Restricted Rights
As Conservatives tightened their grip on southern governments, states found new ways to keep African Americans from exercising their rights. Many of these laws restricted the right to vote.
¿¿ TAKS 8.10 B ¿¿ What was the Thirteenth Amendment ?
______
Voting Restrictions
Љ Southern states passed poll taxes
Љ poor freedmen rarely could AFFORD to vote
Љ Southern states also passed literacy tests
Љ most all freedmen never read or wrote, this test kept them away from the polls
Љ a lot of poor whites could not read or write also...but their vote was important…
so the states came up with the grandfather clause
Љ since no African Americans could have ever voted prior to 1867… this clause
ensured that only white men could vote
Segregation
Љ 1877– segregation becomes legal in the South
Љ these laws separated blacks and whites in—schools, restaurants, theaters,
trains, hospitals, even cemeteries—also known as Jim Crow Laws
“A system of oppression so rank that nothing could make it seem small except the fact that African Americans had already been ground under it for a century and a half.” George Washington Cable, “The Freedmen’s Case in Equity”
Љ 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was
legal as long as facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Љ despite the set-backs, according to the US Constitution blacks were now
citizens, African AMERICANS
¿¿ TAKS 8.19 A ¿¿ What was the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson ?
______
Industry in the “New South”
During Reconstruction, the South made some progress toward rebuilding its economy. Cotton production, long the basis of the South’s economy, slowly recovered. By 1880, planters were growing as much cotton as they had in 1860. A new generation of Southern leaders worked to expand the economy. In stirring speeches, Atlanta journalist Henry Grady described a “New South” that used its vast resources to build up its own industry instead of depending on the North.
Agricultural Resources
Љ in 1880, the entire South still produced LESS finished textiles than the state of
Massachusetts
Љ over the next decade, the South did learn and began building textile mills to
turn COTTON into cloth
Љ tobacco industry began to blossom
Љ in North Carolina, James Duke used machinery to grow his business into
Duke’s American Tobacco Company, which controlled 90% of the nations
production of tobacco and tobacco products
Ф The son of Washington Duke, who had entered the tobacco business after the American Civil War, James entered the family business with his brother Benjamin. In 1890, he became the President of the American Tobacco Company. He later helped to organize the American Snuff Company (1900) and the American Cigar Company (1901). In 1911 the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the monopolistic American Tobacco Company.
New Industries
Љ Alabama mined ore and coal
*** What do you get from ore ? ______
Љ Texas and Louisiana developed oil refineries
Љ other southern states produced copper, granite, marble
Љ Southern yellow pine lumber began to compete with the Northern white pine
Љ the South had developed a more balanced economy by 1900… but could not
keep up with the even more rapid GROWTH in the North and the West
Љ to be continued… let’s say in 3 years… burrows loves you too!!!
AMENDMENT I
freedom of speech, religion, press, the right to peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government
AMENDMENT II
right of the people to keep and bear Arms
AMENDMENT III
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
AMENDMENT IV
against unreasonable searches and seizures
AMENDMENT V
shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself;
nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
AMENDMENT VI
right to a speedy and public trial
AMENDMENT VII
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved
AMENDMENT VIII
Excessive bail shall not be required, OR cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
AMENDMENT IX
The enumeration {list} in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage {belittle} other rights, retained by the people.
AMENDMENT X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
AMENDMENT XI
A private citizen from one state cannot sue the government of another state in Federal Court. They can sue their state government.
AMENDMENT XII
*Superseded by section 3 of the 20th amendment. GONE
AMENDMENT XIII
abolish slavery in US
AMENDMENT XIV
All persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
AMENDMENT XV
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied on account of race, color
AMENDMENT XVI
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes
AMENDMENT XVII
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote
AMENDMENT XVIII
Repealed by amendment 21.
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors
AMENDMENT XIX
Woman’s right to vote 1920
¿¿ TAKS 8.14 B ¿¿ How did the Southern economy change after Reconstruction ?
______
1. What events led to the end of Reconstruction ?
______
2. How were the rights of African Americans restricted in the South after
Reconstruction ?
______
3. What industries flourished in the “New South” ______
Љ to be continued…
let’s say in 3 years… (your junior year)
burrows loves you too!!!
1 of 18.4 Printer Copy MAR 2017 BE MORE ‘BIG’ DOG. It’s an Attitude to Adjust to!!! Leon