ES 100: Environmental Ecology
Final Exam
December 8th, 2005
Name:______
TA: ______
100 Points/ 6 Pages--Point values are shown in parentheses after the question number.
1. (14) Classify these 7 terms under the appropriate lake:
oligotrophic, eutrophic, higher primary productivity, deeper (eu)photic zone,
lower BOD, smelly seasonal overturn, anoxic hypolimnion
______
______
______
______
2. (2) How does the thermocline affect primary productivity?
3. (3) What are the three main limiting factors on primary productivity in aquatic ecosystems?
Multiple Choice: 2 points each. Choose the best answer
4. The open ocean is most like the______biome with regards to primary productivity.
a. Tropical rainforest
b. Desert
c. Boreal forest
d. Tundra
5. Coral reefs are most like the______biome with regards to nutrient cycling
a. Tropical rainforest
b. Desert
c. Boreal forest
d. Tundra
6. Wetlands are most like the______biome with regards to nutrient storage.
a. Tropical rainforest
b. Desert
c. Boreal forest
d. Tundra
7. Would you consider the monarch butterflies used to ‘save Ellwood’ to be a:
a. Flagship species
b. Indicator species
c. Keystone species
d. All of the above
8. The destruction of coral reefs that happens during dynamite fishing is an example of a(n)______.
a. Contingent valuation
b. Low discount rate
c. Non-market value
d. Externality
9. Which of the following fish is most energy efficient to harvest?
a. Wild-caught salmon
b. Farm-raised salmon
c. Wild-caught Bluefin tuna
d. Farm-raised Tilapia or Carp
Multiple Choices: 3 points each. Circle ALL answers that apply
10. Which of the following typically uses a high discount rate?
a. Marine protected areas
b. People in poverty
c. Integrated aquaculture systems
d. Dynamite fishing
11. We have discussed the use of GIS in which of the following applications?
a. Enhancing communication between stakeholders in marine protected areas.
b. Prioritizing land acquisition for mountain lion habitat corridors
c. Modeling maximum sustainable yield of Atlantic Cod
d. Mapping the locations of Arundo donax in Santa Barbara watersheds.
Listing:
12. (2) List two ways in which the fire regime has changed in California’s chaparral biome over the last century:
______
______
(1) Do these changes tend to increase, or decrease biodiversity? ______
13. (3) List 3 ecosystem services provided by the Florida Everglades wetlands:
______
______
______
14. (3) List 3 of the 5 major causes of biodiversity loss discussed in class:
______
______
______
15. (2) List 2 advantages of using an integrated aquaculture system (such as the rice-fish pond discussed in class) instead of a pond-only aquaculture system.
______
______
(2) List 2 disadvantages of using an integrated aquaculture system
______
16. You are in charge of allocating land to be managed as a nature preserve. Do you favor one large reserve (2,000 acres) or several small reserves (ten 200 acre reserves) separated from each other by human development:______
a. (4) List two advantages of the choice you wrote in above:
Advantage #1:______
______
Advantage #2:______
b. (2) List one disadvantage of your choice:
Disadvantage:______
______
Short Answer:
17. Pine forests (softwood with needles) are earlier successional species than oak-hickory forests (hardwood with broad leaves).
a. (2) Why do pine forests come before oak-hickory forests?
b. (3) How do pine forests facilitate the succession of oak-hickory forests?
c. (2) How do oak-hickory trees outcompete pines?
18. Choose one of the following invasive species (CIRCLE YOUR CHOICE):
- Arundo donax in Santa Barbara
- Zebra Mussels in the Great Lakes
- Melaleuca in the Florida Everglades
- Rabbits in Australia
a. (4) What factors contribute to its success as an invasive species? (Be specific!!)
#1:______
______
#2:______
______
#3:______
______
b. (6) Describe three ways that the species changes the ecosystem that it invades.
#1:______
______
#2:______
______
#3:______
______
19. (4) Explain how a ‘genetic bottleneck’ decreases the fitness of a population.
20. (6) Fishermen sometimes argue that otters deplete kelp forest biodiversity because they eat such large quantities of food. Describe two ways in which otters promote biodiversity.
Consider the fisheries harvest model above (based on logistic growth) for Orange Roughy.
For questions 21-24, explain your answers (i.e. don’t say ‘risky’, say why it is risky)
21. (4) You have a choice between harvesting at Point A, or at Point B. Which do you choose? Why?
22. (4) You have a choice between harvesting at point B, or point D. Which do you choose? Why?
23. (4) You have a choice between harvesting at point D, or point C. Which do you choose? Why?
24. (5) You have just been informed that Orange Roughy grow much more slowly than previously expected. Draw in a new curve on the graph on the left that represents slower growth (assume the carrying capacity stays the same). Now draw in a new MSY curve on the graph on the right. Your graph shows that slower growing fish have a ______maximum sustainable yield than faster growing fish.