Effect of Technology Development on Potential Environmental Impacts from Heavy Metals

Effect of technology development on potential environmental impacts from heavy metals in waste smartphones

Palle Paul MejameMejame a, Young Mo Kim b, Dae Sung Leec,*, Seong-Rin Lim a,*

a Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea

bSchool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Instituteof Science and

Technology, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea

cDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea

* Corresponding author

Tel: +82 33 250 6358; fax: +82 33 254 6357. Email: (S.-R. Lim).

Tel: +82 53 950 7286; fax: +82 53 950 6579. E-mail: (D. Lee).

Supporting Information

1 Figure and6 Tables, 25Pages including cover

Fig. S1. Digestion analysis procedure.

Table S1. Distribution of metals into flue gas, fly ash, and bottom ash incurred in incineration facilities.

Sb / As / Cd / Cr / Cu / Pb / Hg / Ni / Se / Zn
Flue Gas (%) / 1 / 1 / 4 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 74 / 0 / 0 / 1
Fly Ash (%) / 66 / 42 / 84 / 8 / 5 / 38 / 24 / 8 / 22 / 45
Bottom Ash (%) / 33 / 57 / 12 / 92 / 95 / 61 / 2 / 92 / 78 / 54

-Data source: Lim S, Schoenung JM (2010) Human health and ecological toxicity potentials due to metal content in waste electronic devices with flat panel displays. J Hazard Mater 177:251-259.

Table S2. Masses of the metals contained in the smartphones models (unit: mg).

Model A / Model B / Model C / Model D
Sb / 21 / 17 / 29 / 24
As / 1.5 / ND / ND / ND
Ba / 98 / 128 / 26 / 254
Be / 17 / 3.3 / ND / ND
Cd / 0.02 / ND / ND / ND
Cr / 896 / 657 / 1334 / 1184
Cu / 6637 / 5110 / 7970 / 9550
Pb / 56 / 26 / 39 / 20
Mo / 12 / 15 / 29 / 24
Ni / 768 / 830 / 1292 / 1194
Se / ND / ND / ND / ND
Ag / 28 / 15 / 24 / 16
Tl / ND / ND / ND / ND
V / 43 / 34 / 63 / 211
Zn / 1081 / 899 / 1628 / 1777
Au / 21 / 15 / 19 / 17
Pd / ND / ND / ND / ND
Sn / 589 / 411 / 693 / 756
In / 10 / 18 / 21 / 16
Al / 1572 / 1456 / 2394 / 3835
Fe / 3782 / 3672 / 6531 / 6730
Mn / 92 / 88 / 168 / 132
Ti / 76 / 101 / 107 / 122
Ta / 0.3 / 0.7 / 0.4 / 0.56
Li / 1.6 / 0.3 / 0.8 / 4.7
Total / 15822 / 13513 / 22601 / 25890

-ND: The substance is not detected (the limits of detection in the ICP analysis for TTLC were 0.045 mg/L for As; 0.001 mg/L for Be; 0.002 mg/L for Cd; 0.042 mg/L for Se; 0.093 mg/L for Tl; and 0.013 mg/L for Pd.

Table S3. Resource depletion potentials from metals in the smartphone models: (a) CML 2001 results; (b) EPS 2000 results; and (c) ReCiPe results.

(a)

Model A / Model B / Model C / Model D
Sb / 2.1E-05 / 1.7E-05 / 2.9E-05 / 2.4E-05
As / 4.3E-09 / ND / ND / ND
Ba / 5.9E-10 / 7.8E-10 / 1.6E-09 / 1.5E-09
BE / 2.1E-10 / 4.2E-11 / ND / ND
Cd / 2.7E-09 / ND / ND / ND
Cr / 4.0E-07 / 2.9E-07 / 5.9E-07 / 5.2E-07
Cu / 9.1E-06 / 7.0E-06 / 1.1E-05 / 1.3E-05
Pb / 3.6E-07 / 1.6E-07 / 2.5E-07 / 1.3E-07
Mo / 2.2E-07 / 2.7E-07 / 5.2E-07 / 4.2E-07
Ni / 5.0E-08 / 5.4E-08 / 8.4E-08 / 7.8E-08
Se / ND / ND / ND / ND
Ag / 3.4E-05 / 1.8E-05 / 2.8E-05 / 1.9E-05
Tl / ND / ND / ND / ND
V / 3.3E-11 / 2.6E-11 / 4.9E-11 / 1.6E-10
Zn / 5.8E-07 / 4.8E-07 / 8.8E-07 / 9.6E-07
Au / 1.1E-03 / 7.6E-04 / 9.8E-04 / 8.8E-04
Pd / ND / ND / ND / ND
Sn / 9.6E-06 / 6.7E-06 / 1.1E-05 / 1.2E-05
In / 6.9E-08 / 1.3E-07 / 1.4E-07 / 1.1E-07
Al / 1.7E-12 / 1.6E-12 / 2.6E-12 / 4.2E-12
Fe / 2.0E-10 / 1.9E-10 / 3.4E-10 / 1.2E-12
Mn / 2.3E-10 / 2.2E-10 / 4.3E-10 / 3.3E-10
Ti / 2.1E-12 / 2.8E-12 / 3.0E-12 / 3.4E-12
Ta / 1.2E-11 / 3.0E-11 / 1.6E-11 / 2.4E-11
Li / 1.8E-11 / 3.7E-12 / 9.0E-12 / 5.3E-11
TOTAL / 1.2E-03 / 8.1E-04 / 1.1E-03 / 9.5E-04

-ND: The substance is not detected.

(b)

Model A / Model B / Model C / Model D
Sb / 2.0E-01 / 1.6E-01 / 2.8E-01 / 2.3E-01
As / 2.2E-03 / ND / ND / ND
Ba / 4.4E-04 / 5.7E-04 / 1.2E-03 / 1.1E-03
BE / 1.6E-02 / 3.3E-03 / ND / ND
Cd / 5.1E-04 / ND / ND / ND
Cr / 7.6E-02 / 5.6E-03 / 1.1E-01 / 1.0E-01
Cu / 1.4E+00 / 1.1E+00 / 1.7E+00 / 2.0E+00
Pb / 9.8E-03 / 4.5E-03 / 6.9E-03 / 3.5E-03
Mo / 2.6E-02 / 3.2E-02 / 6.2E-02 / 5.0E-02
Ni / 1.2E-01 / 1.3E-01 / 2.1E-01 / 1.9E-01
Se / ND / ND / ND / ND
Ag / 1.5E+00 / 8.2E-01 / 1.3E+00 / 8.9E-01
Tl / ND / ND / ND / ND
V / 2.4E-03 / 1.9E-03 / 3.5E-03 / 1.2E-02
Zn / 6.2E-02 / 5.1E-02 / 9.3E-02 / 1.0E-01
Au / 2.6E+01 / 1.7E+01 / 2.2E+01 / 2.0E+01
Pd / ND / ND / ND / ND
Sn / 7.0E-01 / 4.9E-01 / 8.2E-01 / 9.0E-01
In / 4.9E-01 / 8.9E-01 / 1.0E+00 / 8.0E-01
Al / 6.9E-04 / 6.4E-04 / 1.1E-03 / 1.7E-03
Fe / 3.6E-03 / 3.5E-03 / 6.3E-03 / 6.5E-03
Mn / 5.2E-04 / 5.0E-04 / 9.5E-04 / 7.4E-04
Ti / 7.3E-05 / 9.6E-05 / 1.0E-04 / 1.2E-04
Ta / 6.0E-04 / 1.5E-03 / 7.7E-04 / 1.2E-03
Li / 1.6E-07 / 3.2E-08 / 7.8E-08 / 4.6E-07
TOTAL / 3.0E+01 / 2.1E+01 / 2.8E+01 / 2.5E+01

-ND: The substance is not detected.

(c)

Model A / Model B / Model C / Model D
Cr / 2.2.E-02 / 1.6.E-02 / 3.3.E-02 / 3.0.E-02
Cu / 2.8.E-01 / 2.2.E-01 / 3.4.E-01 / 4.1.E-01
Pb / 9.9.E-05 / 4.5.E-05 / 7.0.E-05 / 3.5.E-05
Mo / 2.5.E-03 / 3.1.E-03 / 6.0.E-03 / 4.9.E-03
Ni / 9.6.E-03 / 1.0.E-02 / 1.6.E-02 / 1.5.E-02
Ag / 8.1.E-03 / 4.3.E-03 / 6.8.E-03 / 4.7.E-03
Zn / 2.4.E-03 / 2.0.E-03 / 3.7.E-03 / 4.0.E-03
Au / 1.5.E+00 / 1.0.E+00 / 1.3.E+00 / 1.2.E+00
Sn / 7.5.E-01 / 5.2.E-01 / 8.8.E-01 / 9.6.E-01
Al / 1.4.E-04 / 1.3.E-04 / 2.2.E-04 / 3.5.E-04
Fe / 3.8.E-03 / 3.7.E-03 / 6.5.E-03 / 6.7.E-03
Mn / 7.1.E-03 / 6.8.E-03 / 1.3.E-02 / 1.0.E-02
TOTAL / 2.6.E+00 / 1.8.E+00 / 2.6.E+00 / 2.6.E+00

Table S4. Cancer potential from metals in the smartphone models:(a) emission to urban air; (b) emission to rural air; (c) emission to freshwater; (d) emission to sea water; (e) emission to natural soil; and (f) emission to agricultural soil.

(a)

(Unit: CTUh)

Model A / Model B / Model C / Model D
Sb / 0.0E+00 / 0.0E+00 / 0.0E+00 / 0.0E+00
As / 6.2E-12 / ND / ND / ND
Ba / NA / NA / NA / NA
Be / NA / NA / NA / NA
Cd / 1.8E-13 / ND / ND / ND
Cr / 0.0E+00 / 0.0E+00 / 0.0E+00 / 0.0E+00
Cu / NA / NA / NA / NA
Pb / 1.5E-11 / 6.8E-12 / 1.0E-11 / 5.3E-12
Mo / NA / NA / NA / NA
Ni / 0.0E+00 / 0.0E+00 / 0.0E+00 / 0.0E+00
Ag / NA / NA / NA / NA
Tl / ND / ND / ND / ND
V / NA / NA / NA / NA
Zn / 0.0E+00 / 0.0E+00 / 0.0E+00 / 0.0E+00
Se / ND / ND / ND / ND
TOTAL / 2.1E-11 / 6.8E-12 / 1.0E-11 / 5.3E-12

-ND: The substance is not detected in the TTLC Analysis.