Comparing Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis)
Step1: Label the cell cycle: Identify what is occurring during each stage of the cell cycle.
G1
S
G2
M
G1, S, G2 make up what developmental stage before nuclear division?
Step 2: You will match up the pictures to the correct labels. Identify what is occurring in each stage of both processes.
Mitosis Meiosis
Prophase Prophase 1
Metaphase Metaphase 1
Anaphase Anaphase 1
Telophase Telophase 1
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
Stage 3: Answer the following questions to compare Mitosis to Meiosis.
Mitosis Meiosis
1. # of daughter cells
2. Haploid/diploid cells
3. Genetically Identical/different
4. Sexual/asexual
5. Gamete/somatic cell
6. What is spermatogenesis, how many cells are produced, name of cells produced?
7. What is oogenesis, how many cells are produced, name of cell (s) produced?
8. What is crossing over, when and where does it occur?
9. What is the difference between plant and animal cells during cytokinesis?
Stage 4:Mendelian Genetics
Directions: Match up the following terms with their definitions. Record answers on your sheet.
- Monohybrid ______
- Dihybrid ______
- Heterozygous ______
- Homozygous ______
- Dominant ______
- Recessive ______
- Genotype ______
- Phenotype ______
- Punnett square ______
- Law of segregation ______
- Law of independent assortment ______
a) Cross between organisms that involve only one pair of contrasting traits.
b) Law that states organisms inherit 2 copies of genes one from each parent, and organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their games because the genes separate during gamete formation.
c) Collection of all of an organism’s genetic information that codes for traits.
d) Characteristic of having two of the same alleles at the same locus of sister chromatids.
e) Characteristic of having two different alleles that appear at the same locus of sister chromatids.
f) Allele that is expressed when two different alleles are present in an organism’s genotype.
g) Cross between organisms involving two pairs of contrasting traits.
h) Law that states that allele pairs separate from one another during gamete formation.
i) Model for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross or mating.
j) Allele that is not expressed unless two copies are present in an organism’s genotype.
k) Collection of all of an organism’s physical traits
Stage 5: (Mendel Genetics) Solve the following Punnett Square Problems. Record your answers.
#1 Monohybrid Cross: A red heterozygous flower is crossed with a blue flower. Red is dominant to blue. Show possible offspring of this cross.
#2 Monohybrid cross: A purple homozygous leopard is crossed with a black homozygous leopard. Black is dominant to purple. Show possible offspring of this cross.
#3 Dihybrid cross: A yellow, wrinkled pea plant is crossed with a green, smooth pea plant. Yellow is dominant to green, wrinkled is also dominant to smooth. The yellow plant’s genotype is YYWw, the green plant’s genotype is yyww. Show the possible offspring from this cross.
Stage 6: (Extending Mendel Genetics) Match the terms to the following definitions: Record the terms in the blanks below.
1.______Heterozygous genotype that equally expresses the traits from both alleles.
2. .______Organism whose genome contains a gene for a certain trait or disease that is not expressed in the organism’s phenotype.
3. .______Heterozygous phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes.
4. .______Genes located on the sex chromosomes.
5. .______Traits produced by two or more genes.
6. .______More than two alleles are present in a gene pool for a trait.
7. .______Maps of relative locations of genes on a chromosome.
8. .______Chart used to trace phenotypes and genotypes within a family.
9. .______A picture of all of the chromosomes in a cell.
Stage 7: (Extending Mendel Genetics) Solve the following problems. Record your answers.
1.Color blindness is a sex-linked trait. What is the probability that two parents with normal color vision will have a color blind child and what are the sex or sexes of the offspring? (The mother's father is color blind.) (XN = normal vision, Xn = colorblindness) (Show a Punnett square to prove your answer!)
Probability:______Sex of offspring:______
In 2. In flowers, color is an incomplete dominance trait. When the genotype is heterozygous, the phenotype is pink. Cross a pink flower with a pink flower. What will be the phenotypic probabilities of the offspring? (R= red W=white) Be sure to write the phenotype AND the percentage or fraction probability. (Show a Punnett square to prove your answer!)
Phenotype:______Probability:______
3. In a particular breed of cattle, coat color is codominant. What are the possible phenotypic probabilities that can result of a cross between a red bull and a roan (red and white hairs) cow? (R = red hairs W = white hairs) Be sure to write the phenotype AND the percentage or fraction probability. (Show a Punnett square to prove your answer!)
Phenotype:______Probability:______
4. Use a Punnett square to show the phenotypic probabilities for blood type of the offspring of two parents, one with blood type O and one with blood type AB. Be sure to write the genotype AND the percentage or fraction probability.
Genotype:______Probability:______
5. The following is a pedigree of myopia (near-sightedness). This condition is caused by a recessive gene, but is NOT sex-linked. Determine the genotype of the3 numbered individuals (Mark as MM, Mm, mm, or M _ if you cannot determine from the information provided).
1:______2:______3:______
Stage 9: (DNA Structure) Record answers to questions.
1. Describe the structure of a DNA molecule.
2. Name the scientists given credit for discovering the structure of the DNA molecule.
3. List the parts of a nucleotide.
4. What are the 4 nitrogen containing bases found in DNA?
5. What type of bond holds the nitrogen bases together?
6. What is DNA replication considered semiconservative?
Match the following terms with their definitions. Record the answers on your sheet.
1. ______Monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.
2. ______Sugar found in DNA
3. ______Enzyme used unzip DNA for replication to occur.
4. ______Enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication.
Stage 10. (DNA Replication) Create the complementary strand of DNA to the following strand: AAT GAT CAC AGT ACC AGG. Record answer below.
______
Stage 11: (RNA)Answer the following questions on your sheet.
1. What is the sugar found in RNA?
2. What are the 4 nitrogen bases found in RNA?
3. Where does transcription occur in the cell?
4. Where does translation occur in the cell?
Match the following terms to their definitions. Record your answers on your sheet.
1.______Set of 3 nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon during translation.
2. ______Sequence of three nucleotides that code for one amino acid.
3. ______States that information flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to proteins.
4. ______Enzymes that bond nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule.
5. ______Message that is translated to form a protein.
6. ______Forms part of the ribosomes, a cell’s protein factory.
7. ______Brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein.
8. ______Bonds formed between amino acids to link them together.
Stage 12: (Protein Synthesis) Model the process of transcription. Record your answers.
Transcribe the following sequence of DNA into mRNA.
ACG TAT TCA AAC CAT AAT
______
Model the process of translation. Record your answers.
Translate the following sequence of mRNA into a protein sequence.
AUG GGU CCG GAC CAG UGA
______
Stage 13. (Genetic Engineering)
Match the following terms to their definitions: Record the answers.
1. ______Enzymes the cut DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences.
2. ______Method of separating various lengths of DNA strands by applying an electrical current to a gel.
3. ______Technique that produces millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence in just a few hours.
4. ______A representation of parts of an individual’s DNA that can be used to identify a person at the molecular level.
5. ______Genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism.
6. ______DNA that contains genes from more than one organism.
7. ______Organism that has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome.
8. ______Study of genomes that includes the sequencing of all of an organism’s DNA.
9. ______Process of testing DNA to determine a person’s risk of having or passing on a genetic disorder.
10. ______The replacement of a defective or missing gene, or the addition of a new gene, into a person’s genome to treat a disease.
DNA mutations
Directions:
1. Sort the terms into either Gene mutations or Chromosome mutations. Record your answers on your sheet.
Gene Chromosome
Step 2. Match the term to the picture. Record your answers on your sheet.
Picture 1.
Picture 2.
Picture 3.
Picture 4