Cloze Tests: Selected References

The International Research Foundation

for English Language Education

CLOZE TESTS: SELECTED REFERENCES

(last updated 7 February 2014)

Aitken, K. G. (1977). Using close procedures as an overall language proficiency test. TESOL Quarterly, 11(1), 59-67.

Alderson, J. C. (1979). The close procedure and proficiency in English as a foreign language. TESOL Quarterly, 13(2), 219-227.

Alderson, J. C. (1979). The close procedure and proficiency in English as a foreign language. In J. W. Oller, Jr. (Ed.), Issues in language testing research (pp. 205-217). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Alderson, J. C. (1979). Scoring procedures for use on cloze tests. In C. A. Yorio, K. Perkins, & J. Schachter (Eds.), On TESOL '79 (pp. 193-205). Washington, DC: TESOL.

Alderson, J. C. (1980). Native and non-native speaker performance on cloze tests. Language Learning, 30, 59-76.

Bachman, L. (1982). The trait structure of cloze test scores. TESOL Quarterly, 16, 61-70.

Bachman, L. F. (1985). Performance on cloze tests with fixed-ratio and rational deletions. TESOL Quarterly, 19(3), 535-555.

Bensoussan, M. (1984). A comparison of cloze and multiple-choice reading comprehension tests of English as a foreign language. Language Testing, 1(1), 105-108.

Bensoussan, M., & Ramraz, R. (1984). Testing EFL reading comprehension using a multiple-choice rational cloze. Modern Language Journal, 68(3), 230-39.

Briere, E. J., & Hinofotis, F. B. (1979). Cloze test cutoff points for placing students in ESL classes. In. E. J. Briere & F. B. Hinofotis (Eds.), Concepts in language testing (pp. 12-20). Washington, D.C.: TESOL.

Bormuth, J. R. (1965). Validities of grammatical and semantic classifications of cloze test scores. In J. A. Figurel (Ed.), Reading and inquiry (pp. 283-285). Newark, DE: International Reading Associates.

Bormuth, J. R. (1967). Comparable cloze and multiple-choice comprehension tests scores. Journal of Reading, 10, 291-299.

Brown, D. (1983). Conversational cloze tests and conversational ability. ELT Journal, 37(2), 158-161.

Brown, J. D. (1980). Relative merits of four methods for scoring cloze tests. Modern Language Journal, 64(3), 311-317.

Brown, J. D. (1983). A closer look at cloze: Validity and reliability. In J.W. Oller, Jr. (Ed.) Issues in Language Testing Research (pp. 237-250). Rowley, MA: Newbury House (also available from ERIC: ED 227 695).

Brown, J. D. (1984). A cloze is a cloze is a cloze? In J. Handscombe, R. Orem, and B. Taylor (Eds.) On TESOL '83: The question of control. Selected papers from the 17th Annual TESOL Convention, Toronto (pp. 109-119). Washington, DC: TESOL (also available from ERIC: ED275145).

Brown, J. D. (1986). Cloze procedure: A tool for teaching second language reading. TESOL Newsletter, 20(5), 1, 7.

Brown, J. D. (1988). Tailored cloze: Improved with classical item analysis techniques. Language Testing, 5(1), 19-31.

Brown, J. D. (1988). Cloze item difficulty. University of Hawai‘i Working Papers in ESL, 7(2), 24-39.

Brown, J. D. (1989). Cloze item difficulty. JALT Journal, 11(1), 46-67. [An earlier version appeared in 1988 University of Hawai‘i Working Papers in ESL, 7(2), 24-39].

Brown, J. D. (1992). What text characteristics predict human performance on cloze test items. In the Proceedings of the Third Conference on Language Research in Japan (pp. 1-26). Urasa, Japan: International University Japan.

Brown, J. D. (1993). What are the characteristics of natural cloze tests? Language Testing, 10(2), 93-116.

Brown, J. D. (1994). A closer look at cloze: Validity and reliability. In J. W. Oller, Jr. & J. Jonz (Eds.), Cloze and coherence (pp. 189-196). Lewisburg, PA: Associated University Presses. Reprinted by permission from the original article: Brown, J. D. (1983). A closer look at cloze: Validity and reliability. In J. W. Oller, Jr. (Ed.) Issues in Language Testing Research (pp. 237-250). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Brown, J. D. (1998). Statistics Corner: Questions and answers about language testing statistics: Reliability and cloze test length. Shiken: JALT Testing & Evaluation SIG Newsletter, 2(2), 19-22. Also retrieved from the World Wide Web at http://www.jalt.org/test/bro_3.htm

Brown, J. D. (1998). An EFL readability index. JALT Journal, 20(2), 7-36.

Brown, J. D. (2002). Do cloze tests work, or is it just an illusion? Second Language Studies: Working Papers of the Department of Second Language Studies, University of Hawai‘i, 20(2), 79-125.

Brown, J. D. (2002). Do cloze tests work? Or, is it just an illusion? Second Language Studies, 21(1), 79-125. Also retrieved from the World Wide Web at http://www.hawaii.edu/sls/uhwpesl/21(1)/BrownCloze.pdf

Brown, J. D. (2003). Twenty-five years of cloze testing research: So what? In G. Poedjosoedarmo (Ed.), Anthology 45# -Teaching and Assessing Language Proficiency (pp. 79-111). Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.

Brown, J. D. (2012). My twenty-five years of cloze testing research: So what? International Journal of Language Studies, 7, 1, 1-32.

Brown, J. D., Yamashiro, A. D., & Ogane, E. (1999). Three strategies for tailoring cloze tests in secondary EFL. TUJ Working Papers in Applied Linguistics, 14, 131-147. Retrieved from the World Wide Web at http://www.tuj.ac.jp/tesol/press/papers0014/brownetal.html

Brown, J. D., Yamashiro, A. D., & Ogane, E. (2001). The emperor’s new cloze: Strategies for revising cloze tests. In T. Hudson & J. D. Brown (Eds.), A focus on language test development: Expanding the language proficiency construct across a variety of tests (pp. 143-161). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press.

Chapelle, C. (1988). Field independence: A source of language test variance? Language Testing

5(1), 62-82.

Chapelle, C. A., & Abraham, R. G. (1990). Cloze method: what difference does it make? Language Testing, 7, 121-146.

Chavez-Oller, M.A., Chihara, T., Weaver, K.A., & Oller, J.W. Jr. (1985). When are cloze items

sensitive to constraints across sentences? Language Learning, 5, 62-82.

Chavez-Oller, M. A., Chihara, T., Weaver, K. A., & Oller, J. W., Jr. (1985). When are cloze items sensitive to constraints across sentences? Language Learning, 35, 181-206.

Chihara, T., Oller, J. W., Jr., Weaver, K. A., & Chavez-Oller, M. A. (1977). Are cloze items sensitive to constraints across sentences? Language Learning, 27, 63-73.

Darnell, D. K. (1970). Clozentropy: a procedure for testing English language proficiency of foreign students. Speech Monographs, 37, 36-46.

Dastjerdi, H. V., & Talebinezhad, M. R. (2006). Chain-preserving deletion procedure in cloze: a discoursal perspective. Language Testing, 23, 58-72.

Dastjerdi, H., V., & Talebinezhad, M. R. (2006). A reply to Ruixia Yan’s critique on CPD procedure in cloze. Language Testing, 23, 408-409.

Doerr, N. (1980). The effects of agreement/disagreement on cloze scores. In J.W. Oller & K. Perkins (Eds.), Research in language testing (pp. 134-141). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Farhady, H., & Keramati, M. N. (1996). A text-driven method for the deletion procedure in cloze passages. Language Testing, 13, 191-207.

Gallant, R. (1965). Use of cloze tests as a measure of readability in the primary grades. In J. A. Figurel (Ed.), Reading and inquiry (pp. 286-287). Newark, DE: International Reading Associates.

Hadley, G., & Naaykens, J. (1999). Testing the test: Comparing SEMAC and exact word scoring on the selective deletion cloze. The Korea TESOL Journal, 2(1), 63-72.

Harris, D. P. (1985). Some forerunners of cloze procedures. Modern Language Journal, 69(4), 367-376.

Heilenman, L. K. (1983). The use of a cloze procedure in foreign language placement. Modern Language Journal, 67(2), 121-126.

Hinofotis, F. B. (1980). Cloze as an alternative method of ESL placement and proficiency testing. In J. W. Oller & K. Perkins, (Eds.), Research in language testing (pp. 121-128). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Hinofotis, F. B., & Snow, B. G. (1980). An alternative cloze testing procedure: Multiple choice format. In J.W. Oller & K. Perkins (Eds.), Research in language testing (pp. 129-133). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Hughes, A. (1981). Conversational cloze as a measure of oral ability. English Language Teaching Journal, 35(2), 161-68.

Ikeguchi, C. (1995). Cloze testing options for the classroom. in J.D. Brown and S. Yamashita

(Eds.) Language Testing in Japan (p. 166-178). Tokyo: The Japan Association for

Language Teaching.

Irvine, P., Atai, P., & Oller, J. W. (1974). Cloze, dictation, and the Test of English as a Foreign Language. Language Learning, 24, 245-252.

Jafarpur, A. (1995). Is C-testing superior to cloze? Language Testing, 12, 194-216.

Jonz, J. (1976). Improving on the basic egg: The M-C cloze. Language Learning, 26, 255-256.

Jonz, J. (1990). Another turn in the conversation: What does cloze measure? TESOL Quarterly, 24(1), 61-83.

Laesch, K. B., & Kleeck, A. (1987). The cloze test as an alternative measure of language proficiency of children considered for exit from bilingual education Programs. Language Learning, 37(2), 171-189.

Lennon, P. (1989).Conversational cloze tests for advanced learners. ELT Journal, 43(1), 38-44.

Llewelyn, S. (1990). Learner language and the cloze procedure. In G. Brindley (Ed.), The second language curriculum in action (pp. 128-161). Sydney: National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research.

Manning, W. H. (1986). Development of cloze elide tests of English as a second language. Princeton: Educational Testing Services.

Markham, P. L. (1985). The rational deletion cloze and global comprehension in German. Language Learning, 35, 423-430.

Mullen, K. (1979). More on cloze tests as tests of proficiency in English as a second language. In E.J. Briere, & F.B. Hinofotis (Eds.), Concepts in language testing: Some recent studies (pp. 21-32). Washington, DC: TESOL.

Ojerinde, A. (1980). Cloze tests as a measure of English language proficiency among Nigerian primary-school pupils. English Language Testing, 35, 62-66.

Oller, J. W., Jr. (1972b). Scoring methods and difficulty levels for cloze tests of proficiency in English as a second language. Modern Language Journal, 56, 151-158.

Oller, J. W., Jr. (1979). Language tests at school: A pragmatic approach. London: Longman.

Oller, J. W., Jr., & Inal, N. (1971). A cloze test of English prepositions. TESOL Quarterly, 5, 315-326.

Poel, C. J., & Weatherly, S. D. (1997). A cloze look at placement testing. Shiken: JALT (Japanese Assoc. for Language Teaching) Testing & Evaluation SIG Newsletter, 1(1), 4-10.

Porter, D. (1976). Modified cloze procedure: A more valid reading comprehension test. English Language Teaching, 30(2), 151-155.

Ruddell, R. B. (1964). A study of the cloze comprehension technique in relation to structurally controlled reading material. Improvement of Reading Through Classroom Practice, 9, 298-303.

Sasaki, M. (2000). Effects of cultural schemata on students' test-taking processes for cloze tests: a multiple data source approach. Language Testing, 17, 85-114.

Sciarone, A. G., & Schoorl, J. J. (1989). The cloze test: Or why small isn’t always beautiful. Language Learning, 39(3), 415-438.

Shanahan, T., Kamil, M.L., and Tobin, A. (1982). Cloze as a measure of intersentiental comprehension. Reading Research Quarterly, 17, 229-225.

Stansfield, C. and Hansen, J. (1983). Field dependence-independence as a variable in second

language cloze test performance. TESOL Quarterly 17, 29-38.

Storey, P. (1997). Examining the test-taking process: A cognitive perspective on the discourse cloze test. Language Testing, 14, 214-231.

Stubbs, J. B., & Tucker, G. R. (1974). The cloze test as a measure of ESL proficiency for Arab students. Modern Language Journal, 58, 239-241.

Taylor, W.L. (1953). Cloze procedure: A new tool for measuring readability. Journalism Quarterly, 30, 415-433.

Tremblay, A. (2011). Proficiency assessment standards in second language acquisition research: “Clozing” the gap. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33, 339–372.

Turner, C.E. (1989). The underlying factor structure of L2 cloze test performance in francophone, university-level students: Causal modelling as an approach to construct validation. Language Testing, 6, 172-197.

Yamashita, S. O. (1994). Is the reading comprehension performance of learners of Japanese as a second language the same as that of Japanese children? An analysis using a cloze test. Japanese Education in the World, 4(6), 133-146.

Yan, R. (2006). On ‘chain-preserving deletion procedure in cloze’: A reply to Dastjerdi and Talebinezhad, 2006. Language Testing, 23, 402-407.

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