FALL 2010
BIO 241 LABORATORY REVIEW SHEET
Lab #1 Exercise 20 – Histology of Human Blood and
Lab #1 Exercise 21 – Gross Anatomy of the Mammalian Heart
Describe the general characteristics of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
Describe the differences between granulocytic and granulocytic leukocytes.
Identify the formed elements in a Wright-stained smear of whole blood: erythrocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and thrombocytes.
Conduct a differential cell count.
Describe the general location of the heart.
Name and locate the great vessels associated with the heart: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins
Name and locate the major external structures of the heart: left and right atria, left and right ventricles, coronary sulcus, interatrial sulcus, interventricular sulcus, apex, base, right coronary artery, marginal artery, posterior interventricular artery, left coronary artery, circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery
Name and locate the major internal structures of the heart: left and right atria, left and right ventricles, interatrial septum, interventricular septum, tricuspid valve, bicuspid (mitral) valve), aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, trabeculae carnae, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, fossa ovalis.
Trace the pathway of blood flow through the heart.
Explain why the heart is a double pump; describe the anatomical differences between the right and left heart.
Lab #2 iWorx – Experiment The Electrocardiogram and Heart Sounds
Measure the ECG in a resting individual and label its component parts; discuss what these components mean.
Determine the differences in the amplitudes of the various ECG components; is the amplitude in each component the same in each cardiac cycle; are the amplitudes the same for a component when comparing different students. (You would expect the amplitudes of the various waves to be statistically the same in each cardiac cycle and within a “normal range” of all students. Pathologies would cause the amplitudes to change.)
Study the relationship of heart sounds to the ECG; why “lubb” associated with the QRS complex and “dupp” associated with the T wave.
Describe the cardiovascular processes that occur between a QRS complex and the peak of a pulse wave; what does the time interval between the peak of the R wave and the peak of the pulse wave represent?
Lab #3 Exercises 23 and 24 or 25 Blood Pressure, Peripheral Circulation, and Body Position and Vasculature
What is blood pressure?
What is another name for the blood pressure cuff used to measure blood pressure?
Define systolic and diastolic.
What is considered normal? What is considered hypertension and what is considered hypotension.
How do you listen for the various sounds to determine systolic and diastolic values?
You measured the blood pressure and determine the effects of various body positions – sitting, standing,
lying down; raising the arm.
Which position had the highest blood pressure and why?
Which position had the lowest blood pressure and why?
(Gravity plays a large role. Pressure will rise from lying down to sitting to standing.) The heart has to pump harder to deliver the blood from the feet back up toward the heart when in the standing position.)
Below is a link to an article regarding some of the answers to the lab questions.
What are the three tunics of arteries and veins?
What are some differences between arteries and veins?
Be able to tell the difference between an artery and vein under the microscope.
Lab #4 Exercise 25 – Dissection of Fetal Pig Heart and Lungs
Exercise 26 – Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Identify the pericardium, diaphragm, heart, and lungs in situ.
Upon dissection of the heart itself, identify the heart chambers and other major structures.
Identify the roots of the lungs where the bronchial tree enters.
Identify the lobes of the right and left lungs.
Label the major respiratory structures on a diagram, model, or a dissection, and describe the function(s) of each.
Identify the following histological features of the bronchial tree: epithelium (types as it changes down the tree), goblet cells, hyaline cartilage (if present), smooth muscle (if present).
Identify the following structures: trachea, intrapulmonary bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli ducts and sacs.
Lab #5 iWorx Respiration Spirometry Lab
Define ventilation, inspiration, expiration, forced expiration, tidal volume, vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, residual volume, minute respiratory volume, and forced expiratory volume.
Describe the role of muscles and volume changes in the mechanics of breathing.
Did tidal volume change after exercise? Did inspiratory and expiratory reserves change after exercise? How so?
Understand that the lungs do not contain muscle and that respirations are therefore caused by muscles outside of the lungs and by pressure differences.
Would the blood pressure in the pulmonary capillaries at the bottom of a lung be the same as the blood pressure in the capillaries at the top of a lung in the standing individual? Which area would have the lower blood pressure? (Those pulmonary capillaries at the top or apex of the lung would have the lower blood pressure. Remember, the apex of the lung is above the heart, alveoli are larger, and ventilation and perfusion is poorer as compared to the base. Gravity is the major reason for this effect.)
If higher blood pressure allows more pulmonary capillaries to be open, where in the lung would you expect to find more open capillaries, at the base or at the apex? Where would you expect to find potentially more collapsed capillaries?
If some capillaries are collapsed, what is the functional effect on the diffusion of O2 and CO2?
Lab #6Exercise 28 – Dissection of Fetal Pig Digestive System
Exercise 29 – Microscopic Anatomy of the Digestive System
Using the fetal pig, identify the following: mesentery, mesocolon, omentum, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver.
Distinguish between the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis (inner circumferential and outer longitudinal), and serosa of the gastrointestinal tract.
Histologically, distinguish between the esophagus, stomach and gastric glands), small intestine (duodenum, ileum) (intestinal glands, villi, Peyer’s patches, Brunner’s glands), and large intestine.
Identify the following features of the liver: lobule, central vein, portal triad and its components, sinusoids, and hepatocytes.
Identify the following features of the pancreas: lobules, acini, islets of Langerhans, and pancreatic ducts.
Lab #7 PhysioEx 5.0 Exercise 8 – Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion
List the enzymes involved in the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates; state the sites of origin; and to summarize the environmental conditions promoting their optimal functioning.
Recognize the variation between different types of enzyme assays.
Name the end products of digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
Perform the appropriate chemical tests to determine if digestion of a particular food has occurred.
Cite the function(s) of bile in the digestive process.
Discuss the possible roles of temperature and pH in the regulation of enzymatic activity.
Define enzyme, control, and substrate.
Lab #8 Exercise 31 – Anatomy of the Urinary System
Identify on a diagram or model the urinary organs and describe the general function of each.
Identify gross anatomical features of the kidney as seen in coronal section.
Identify the following histological features of the kidney: cortex versus medulla, glomerulus, parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule, capsular space, proximal tubules, distal tubules, loop of Henle, and collecting ducts.
Identify the following histological features of the ureter and urinary bladder: transitional epithelium, smooth muscle in the muscularis, and adventitia.
Identify the epithelium of the urethra.
Lab #9 Exercise 32 – Principles of Human Kidney Function
Describe physiologically the effects on urine output (volume and ionic) of hyperosmolar and hypoosmolar extracellular fluid conditions.
Interpret changes seen in urine volume and NaCl output after ingestion of a large quantity or water or NaCl, as seen in representative graphs.
Lab #10 Exercise 33 – Anatomy of the Reproductive Systems
Describe the process of meiosis as it pertains to spermatogenesis and oögenesis.
From models and diagrams, identify, name, and discuss the functions of the structures of the male and female reproductive systems
Identify the following histological features of the testis: seminiferous tubule, tunica albuginea, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes and spermatids, Sertoli (sustentacular) cells, spermatozoa, and interstitial endocrinocytes (Leydig cells).
Identify the following histological features of the penis: tunica albuginea, corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, and urethra.
Identify the following histological features of the ovary: tunica albuginea, cortex, medulla, primordial follicles, primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary follicles (corona radiata and the cumulus oöphorus, zona pellucida, secondary oöcyte, antrum, and granulosa cells.
Identify the following histological features of the uterus: endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.
Identify the following phases of the uterus histologically: proliferative, secretory, and menstrual.
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