CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
FOREWORD iv
TO THE USER v
CONTENTS vi
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS viii
LESSON
ONE PUNCTUATION 1
The Punctuation of Complex Sentences 2
The Capital Letters 3
The Possessive Apostrophe 4
TWO IDENTIFYING NOUNS 7
The Four Marks 7
Changeable Forms 8
Preceding Items 8
Sentence Position 8
Group Position 9
Summary 9
THREE CLASSIFYING NOUNS 13
Review 13
Types of Nouns 14
A-Type Nouns 14
B-Type Nouns 15
C-Type Nouns 15
D-Type Nouns 15
E-Type Nouns 16
Summary 17
FOUR COUNTABLE NOUNS 19
Review 19
Singular and Plural Forms 20
D-Items 20
Summary 23
FIVE UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 25
Review 25
C-Type Nouns 26
Characteristics of C-Type Nouns 27
Substances 28
Abstract Nouns 29
SIX COUNTABLE-UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 31
Review 31
D-Type Nouns 32
Characteristics of D-Type Nouns 32
Selected List of D-Type Nouns 33
SEVEN THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 39
Review 39
The Forms 40
The Meanings 40
The Simple Present Actual Tense 41
The Simple Present Neutral Tense 41
The Simple Present Habitual Tense 42
The Simple Present Future Tense 42
The Frequency 44
EIGHT THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: NARRATIVE AND ACTUAL 47
Review 47
The Forms 48
The Meanings 49
The Simple Fast Narrative 49
The Simple Past Actual 50
The Frequency 52
NINE THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: NEUTRAL AND HABITUAL 55
Review 55
The Simple Past Neutral 56
The Simple Past Habitual 57
The Frequency 59
TEN VERB GROUPS 61
Review 61
About Verb Groups 62
The Forms 62
The Rule 64
5 1 should stem 64
4 1 have stem+ed 65
3 1 be stem+ing 65
2 1 be stem+ed 66
ELEVEN QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS 71
Review 71
Questions 72
Verbal Questions 72
Pronominal Questions 73
Negative Statements 76
TWELVE FINITE AND NON-FINITE VERB GROUPS 79
Review 79
Finite Verb Groups 80
Non-Finite Verb Groups 82
THIRTEEN 5-1 VERB GROUPS : CAN, CAN’T, CANNOT 85
Review 85
The Meaning of Can, Can’t 86
Characteristic Ability 86
Occasional Ability 87
Immediate Ability 87
Summary 88
FOURTEEN 5-1 VERB GROUPS : CAN AND COULD 91
Review 91
Can Meaning Possibility and Impossibility 92
Could in Reported Speech 94
FIFTEEN 5-1 VERB GROUPS: WILL AND WOULD 97
Future Reference 97
Will referring to Future 98
Would in Reported Speech 100
SIXTEEN SPELLING: THE DOUBLING OF CONSONANTS 101
Long and Short Vowels 101
Stressed and Unstressed Syllables 102
The Rules 103
The Consonant [l] 104
REFERENCES 107
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