Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration,c. 1750 to c. 1900Key

Concept 5.1. Industrialization and GlobalCapitalism

I. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods wereproduced.

  1. A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial production.
  2. he development of machines, including steam engines and theinternal combustion engine, made it possible to exploit vast new resourcesof energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The “fossil fuels”revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.
  3. The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a singlelocation and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.
  4. As the new methods of industrial production became more commonin parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe andthe United States, Russia, and Japan.
  5. The “second industrial revolution” led to new methods in theproduction of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery duringthe second half of the nineteenth century.
  1. New patterns of global trade and production developed andfurther integrated the global economy as industrialists sought rawmaterials and new markets for the increasing amount and array ofgoods produced in their factories.
  2. The need for raw materials for the factories and increased foodsupplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth ofexport economies around the world that specialized in mass producingsingle natural resources. The profits from these raw materials were used topurchase finished goods
  3. The rapid development of industrial production contributed to thedecline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies.
  4. The rapid increases in productivity caused by industrial productionencouraged industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for theirfinished goods.
  5. The need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production,as well as the global demand for gold, silver and diamonds as forms ofwealth, led to the development of extensive mining centers.
  6. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production,financiers developed and expanded various financial institutions.
  7. The ideological inspiration for economic changes lies in thedevelopment of capitalism and classical liberalism associated with AdamSmith and John Stuart Mill.
  8. Financial instruments expanded.
  9. The global nature of trade and production contributed to theproliferation of large-scale transnational businesses.
  10. There were major developments in transportation andcommunication.
  11. The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety ofresponses.
  12. In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves toimprove working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages, whileothers opposed capitalist exploitation of workers by promoting alternativevisions of society.
  13. In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire, some members of thegovernment resisted economic change and attempted to maintainpreindustrial forms of economic production.
  14. In a small number of states, governments promoted their ownstate-sponsored visions of industrialization.
  15. In response to criticisms of industrial global capitalism, somegovernments mitigated the negative effects of industrial capitalism bypromoting various types of reforms
  16. The ways in which people organized themselves into societies alsounderwent significant transformations in industrialized states due tothe fundamental restructuring of the global economy.
  17. New social classes, including the middle class and the industrialworking class, developed.
  18. Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics changed inresponse to industrialization.
  19. Rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism often led tounsanitary conditions, as well as to new forms of community.

Key Concept 5.2. Imperialism and Nation-StateFormation

  1. Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires.
  2. States with existing colonies strengthened their control over thosecolonies.
  3. European states, as well as the Americans and the Japanese, establishedempires throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portugueseinfluence declined.
  4. Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to establishempires in Africa.
  5. In some parts of their empires, Europeans established settler colonies.E. In other parts of the world, industrialized states practicedeconomicimperialism.
  6. Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction aroundthe world.
  7. The expansion of U.S. and European influence over Tokugawa Japanled to the emergence of Meiji Japan.
  8. The United States and Russia emulated European transoceanicimperialism by expanding their land borders and conquering neighboringterritories.C. Anti-imperial resistance led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire.D. New states developed on the edges of existing empires.
  9. The development and spread of nationalism as an ideology fosterednew communal identities.
  10. New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated andjustified imperialism.

Key Concept 5.3. Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

  1. The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questionedestablished traditions in all areas of life often preceded the revolutionsand rebellions against existing governments.
  2. Thinkers applied new ways of understanding the natural world tohuman relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheresof life.
  3. Intellectuals critiqued the role that religion played in public life,insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation.
  4. Enlightenment thinkers developed new political ideas about theindividual, natural rights, and the social contract.
  5. The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existingpolitical authority, as reflected in revolutionary documents.
  6. These ideas influenced many people to challenge existing notions ofsocial relations, which led to the expansion of rights as seen in expandedsuffrage, the abolition of slavery and the end of serfdom, as their ideas wereimplemented.
  7. Beginning in the eighteenth century, peoples around theworld developed a new sense of commonality based on language,religion, social customs and territory. These newly imagined nationalcommunities linked this identity with the borders of the state, whilegovernments used this idea to unite diverse populations.
  8. Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist andrevolutionary movements.
  9. Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments.
  10. American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitatedthe emergence of independent states in the United States, Haiti, andmainland Latin America. French subjects rebelled against their monarchy.
  11. Increasing questions about political authority and growingnationalism contributed to anticolonial movements.
  12. Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas andmillenarianism.
  13. Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms inimperial policies.
  14. The global spread of European political and social thought andthe increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnationalideologies and solidarities.
  15. Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged thedevelopment of political ideologies, including liberalism, socialism, andcommunism.
  16. Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism challengedpolitical and gender hierarchies.

Key Concept 5.4. Global Migration

  1. Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographyin both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presentedchallenges to existing patterns of living.
  2. Changes in food production and improved medical conditionscontributed to a significant global rise in population.
  3. Because of the nature of the new modes of transportation, bothinternal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This patterncontributed to the significant global urbanization of the nineteenth century.
  4. Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons.
  5. Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work.
  6. The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced andsemicoerced labor migration.
  7. While many migrants permanently relocated, a significant number oftemporary and seasonal migrants returned to their home societies.
  8. The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the nineteenthcentury, produced a variety of consequences and reactions to theincreasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and the existingpopulations.
  9. Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended tobe male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that hadbeen formerly occupied by men.
  10. Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the worldwhich helped transplant their culture into new environments andfacilitated the development of migrant support networks.
  11. Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in thevarious degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attemptedto regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.