CHAPTER 16 – WORLD WAR LOOMS

I. Causes/Course/Results of World War II

a. RISE OF DICTATORS

1.TERMINOLOGY:

a.Government controlled by one person with absolute power – ______

b.Dictatorship that exercises total control over a nation and suppresses individual freedoms -

______

2.REASONS FOR RISE OF DICTATORS:

a.______

b.______

c.______

3.While the U.S. was totally involved in the Depression and the experimentations of the New Deal, three

Fascist nations began to aggress in the face of international law and challenged the world to do

anything about it.

a._____ –political philosophy that exalts nationalism and often race

above the individual. It is often characterized by

  • State controlled economics
  • Forcible suppression to opposition
  • Dictatorial control

4.Not only was the U.S. absorbed in its own economic woes, isolation became the reaction to every

action by the fascist countries of ______

a.Japan – leader of Japan: in 1931, Japan violated the

Kellogg-Briand Pact, the League of Nation’s agreements, and the Washington Naval Conference

Treaties by invading China and annexing parts of it. The League of Nations did condemn Japan

for its Action – Japan responded by quitting the League.

b.Italy – was taken over by Fascist leader ______.

In 1935, Italy invaded in Africa. The League slapped Italy with such

weak sanctions; it was like no sanctions at all.

c.Germany –______

______came to power in 1933 and promised a renewed

goal of empire to the German people. Hitler challenged the world by:

  • Denouncing the Versailles Treaty
  • Blaming reparation payments and the Jews for Germany’s economic problems
  • Launching a new military build-up against the Versailles Treaty conditions.

5.For the most part, Americans have always opposed involvement in foreign conflict and after World

War I; the country went back to traditional isolation, excluding treaty involvements that were intended

to maintain world peace.

6.President Franklin Roosevelt strengthened American’s ‘non-intervention intentions to return to isolation

by proclaiming his ______. The Policy became more defined

when Mexico nationalized America oil companies operating in Mexico and the U.S. responded with minor

boycotts.

B.AMERICA AND NEUTRALITY

1.With world-aggression rising so steadily and with the failure for the ‘Great War’ to ‘make the world

safe for Democracy,’ many Americans believed that opponents to WWI had been right all along.

2.In 1933, a Congressional committee headed by Gerald Nye concluded that the greed of American

______was responsible

for dragging the country into war. The ______

convinced the nation not to let the ‘merchants of death’ lead the country into another war for profits.

3.The Nye Committee’s Report and the rapidly deteriorating international situation provoked Congress

to take action. Three ______(1935 – 1937) were passed

to prevent mistakes made prior to World War I.

  • 1st – forbade U.S. banks to ______to nations at war
  • 2nd – President warned U.S. citizens to ______of nations at war
  • 3rd – Prohibited ______to nations at war , but approved sell of

non-military supplieson a “______” basis.

4. Roosevelt supported - idea that trade between nations helped prevent war and the U. S. should try to

preserve peace in the world. ______

5.July 1937, Japanese attacked ______. Roosevelt supported China, claiming that war was

not declared between China and Japan, so the Neutrality Act did not apply.

6.The Fascist nation’s took U.S. (and Britain’s) ‘lack of interest’ in their acts of aggression as a cue to

continue.

C.TENSIONS ERUPT

1.July 1937: ______. That same month, in China Japanese

warplanes sank ______in China

2.Japan invaded China again and killed over 250,000 in the murderous ‘______’

3.Germany and Italy supported the Fascist in ______in 1936. Hitler and

Mussolini used Spain’s Civil War to demonstrate their advanced war machines to the rest of the world.

  • ______painting Guernica illustrated the oncoming horrors of the new war

machines.

4.In 1937, FDR addressed the atrocities of Nanking and Guernica by warning Americans of the growing

threat from Fascism. He called on the ‘Democratic nations of the world to quarantine those who

were creating a state of international anarchy . . .’

  • The American people and media responded in a storm of protest. To their response Roosevelt said

to an advisor, ‘it’s a terrible thing to look over your shoulder when you are trying to lead and there

is no one there.’ His quarantine speech failed to move the American people.

D.ACTION IN EUROPE

1.Germany in 1936 occupied the ______, demilitarized area bordering France, in violation

of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler looked to ______

______to provide Germany with food, defensible frontiers and soldiers for Germany.

  • Threatened to invade German-speaking Austria unless ______were

given importantgovernment posts. In March 1938, Hitler sent troops into Austria, and announced the

______(unification)of Germany and Austria.

  • Hitler announced claims to ______, German-speaking area

of Czechoslovakia. ______, Britain’s prime minister, met

with Hitler in Munich, Germany in September 1938. He signed the ______

agreeing to allow Germany to take the Sudetenland in return for peace.

  • Chamberlain used ______(strategy of keeping peace by giving in to some

demands).

3.______said they would declare war with Germany

if Poland went to war with Germany.

4.August 1939: Germany and Soviet Union signed a ______

agreement not to fight each other, plus agreed to divide the country of Poland. This assured Hitler that if

Britain and France would fight with Poland, Germany would only have to fight a one-front war.

E.WORLD WAR II BEGINS

1.On September 1, 1939 Hitler unleashed his ______(Lightening War)

against Poland. Britainand France declared war on Germany but let the war come to them, a tactical

mistake. The blitzkrieg took out Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium and targeted France. The

fabled ‘Maginot Line’ barely detoured Hitler’s divisions, as the Nazi tanks went through neutral Belgium

to take France.

2.Meanwhile, Roosevelt issued a ______. He further instigated a heated debate in Congress to revise the former Neutrality Acts. The ______

______provided that a belligerent nation could buy U.S.

arms if it used its own ships, paid cash and hauled the armaments away. This policy, known as Cash and

Carry became a major crack in the U.S. policy of isolation.

3.With the possibility of a German invasion across the English Channel into Britain, parliament removed

the appeaser from the Prime Minister’s office and replaced him with the bulldog ______

______.

  • Churchill defied the intensive German bombing campaigns with his ‘______’ attitude, but as the German campaigns pounded the British cities night after night, Churchill let Roosevelt know that Britain could not hold out much longer.
  • The famed British Navy was weakened by ______ and U.S. ‘Cash and Carry’ policywas becoming ineffective for Britain. Her merchant ships were subject to submarine attacks andshe was out of money!
  • To go around the remaining Neutrality conditions Roosevelt put together a scheme to aid Britain.

He ‘traded’ them 50 ‘old’ Destroyers in exchange for access to British naval bases in the

______. ______; if Britain fell, Germany would take control of the islands and bases – thuscreating a direct threat to the U.S.

  • The ______authorized the U.S.

Navy to patrol the western Atlanticand reveal location of any German submarines

  • September 11: Following an attack on Americans ship by German submarines, Roosevelt ordered

the US Navy to “______” any axis

vessel, which threatened a ship or convoy underU. S. protection.

  • First American warship sunk by enemy action in WWII –______

F.The Election of 1940

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  • Republicans – Wendell Willkie
  • Democrats – Franklin Roosevelt

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  • Issues: An unprecedented ______& ______

1.Willkie agreed with Roosevelt on continuing the existing New Deal programs, but accused Roosevelt

of being a war monger. His accusations caused Roosevelt to promise voters, “Your boys are not going

to be sent into any foreign wars.”

2.Roosevelt won handily – breaking Washington’s two-term tradition for the first time.

3.His very next fireside chat to the American people proposed that the U.S. become ‘the great ______

______and ‘send every ounce and every ton of munitions

and supplies that we can possibly spare to help the defenders who are in the front lines.’

4.From the fireside chat, Congress passed the ______giving direct aid to Britain.

Roosevelt justified the Lend-Lease Act by saying its purpose was to defend democracy and human

rights throughout the world; specifically the ______:

  1. Freedom of ______
  2. Freedom of ______
  3. Freedom from ______

d.Freedom from ______

  • Lend-Lease armaments and supplies began to cross the Atlantic in the tune of more than all of the

total cost of the New Deal Expenditures.

  • American convoys and protecting warships kept German submarines at bay. The immediate

impact of Lend-Lease caused Hitler to change his plans. Knowing that he could not invade

England, he broke the ______

and attacked the Soviet Union.

  • Roosevelt quickly extended the Lend-Lease conditions to the Soviet Union. After all, Soviet

Communism was now at war against the Nazis, who were trying to destroy democracy.

  • In his assessment of the volatile international situation, Roosevelt rapidly adjusted the U.S. to be

in its best possible position if dragged into war.

5.He had Congress pass the ______to register men of

military age for the Draft(conscription). Unlike the Selective Service Act of 1917, the 1940 SSA was

initiated before war was declared, thus the nation’s first peace-time draft gave the U.S. a sense of

preparedness.

6.Even though the U.S. was not at war yet . . . Roosevelt met with Churchill aboard a ship near

Newfoundland to ‘glue’ the Anglo-American alliance. The two leaders issued the document called the

______(the first of several war conferences). The

August 1941 document pledged:

  • Freedom of the ______for all nations
  • ______for all nations
  • ______for national groups
  • The U.S. and Britain would not ______as a result of the Charter.

7.Many Americans favored aid to the Allies, while others the U. S. to remain neutral.

1.______

Urged repeal of all neutrality laws and wanted stronger action against Germany

2.______

by aiding the Allies wanted more aid to Allies but no armed intervention

3.______

opposed any American intervention or aid to Allies;group included Charles Lindbergh

G.Even though Hitler occupied Roosevelt’s interest, Germany never attempted to directly provoke the U.S.

like it did in WWI with the Zimmermann Note. Japan Did!

H.The Japanese High Command planned to attack the U.S. if necessary to pursue their aspirations to rule Asia

– including the holding of the white colonial powers (India, Philippines, Island groups, etc.)

  • When the Japanese entered an alliance with Germany and Italy in late 1940 (September 27, 1940:

Germany, Italy and Japan signed______), Roosevelt

began to counteract Japan’s imperialistic plans. In July 1940, Congress passed the ______

______, givingin 1941 he announced a ______

that denied Japan oil, scrap iron andother goods essential for its war machines. Japan was a resource

poor country but very populated and technically advanced.

  • A new military leader in Japan, ______convinced

______and other leaders that swift

destruction of American Naval bases in the Pacific would leave Japan to follow its destiny. On November

5, 1941, Tojo ordered the Japanese navy to prepare for an attack on United States.

  • ______was planner of the attack.

I.Roosevelt thought that the embargo of strategic material Act would force Japan to back off of its plans . . . he

was wrong. Decoded messages indicated that a Pacific attack was imminent but the military disagreed where. It was likely that the U.S. controlled Philippines was the target.

J.November 20, 1941: Japanese peace mission to United States demands that the U.S.

1.______

2.______

3.______

K.______: without any warning or declaration of war, Japanese attack ______.

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