Section 1A Species, Food Webs, Habitats Excel Table Literature Cited

(LCFRB), L. C. F. R. B. 2004. Lower Columbia Salmon Recovery and Fish & Wildlife Subbasin Plan: Appendix B - Other Species.

Agency, U. S. E. P. 2008. EPA's Report on the Environment. NationalCenter for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.

Airoldi, L., and M. W. Beck. 2007. Loss, Status and Trends for Coastal Marine Habitats of Europe. Oceanography and marine biology: an annual review 45:345-405.

Alberti, M., D. Booth, K. Hill, B. Coburn, C. Avolio, S. Coe, and D. Spirandelli. 2007. The impact of urban patterns on aquatic ecosystems: An empirical analysis in Puget lowland sub-basins. Landscape and Urban Planning 80:345-361.

Alberti, M., R. Weeks, and S. Coe. 2004. Urban land-cover change analysis in Central Puget Sound. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 70:1043-1052.

Anderson, E. M., J. L. Bower, D. R. Nysewander, J. R. Evenson, and J. R. Lovvorn. 2009a. Changes in avifaunal abundance in a heavily used wintering and migration site in Puget Sound, Washington, during 1966-2007. Marine Ornithology 37:19-27.

Anderson, E. M., J. R. Lovvorn, D. Esler, W. S. Boyd, and K. C. Stick. 2009b. Using predator distributions, diet, and condition to evaluate seasonal foraging sites: sea ducks and herring spawn. Marine Ecology Progress Series 386:287-302.

Angliss, R. P., and B. M. Allen. 2009. Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessments, 2008. Page 258 in U. S. D. o. Commerce, editor.

Antrim, L. D., R. D. Thom, W. W. Gardiner, V. W. Cullinan, D. K. Shreffler, and R. W. Bienert. 1995. Effects of petroleum products on bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana). Marine Biology 122:23-31.

Armstrong, D. A. 1983. Cyclic crab abundance and relationship to environmental causes. WST-W0 83-3, University of Washington Sea Grant, Seattle.

Babcock, R., and J. Keesing. 1999. Fertilization biology of the abalone Haliotis laevigata: laboratory and field studies. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56:1668-1678.

Baker, C., R. Lawrence, C. Montagne, and D. Patten. 2006. Mapping wetlands and riparian areas using Landsat ETM+ imagery and decision-tree-based models. Wetlands 26:465-474.

Baker, C. S., and P. J. Clapham. 2004. Modelling the past and future of whales and whaling. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution 19:365-371.

Bargmann, G. 1998. Forage Fish Management Plan. Page 77 in Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, editor., Olympia.

Bargmann, G. G. 1977. The recreational hook and line fishery for marine fish in Puget Sound, 1968-1973. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Progress Report No. 33.

Bargmann, G. G. 1984. Recreational diving in the State of Washington and the associated harvest of food fish and shellfish. State of Washington, Dept. of Fisheries, Marine Fish Program, Olympia, WA.

Beamer, E., A. McBride, C. Greene, R. Henderson, G. Hood, K. Wolf, K. Larsen, C. Rice, and K. L. Fresh. 2005. Delta and Nearshore Restoration for the Recovery of WildSkagitRiver Chinook Salmon: Linking Estuary Restoration to Wild Chinook Salmon Populations. La Conner, WA.

Beaugrand, G. 2005. Monitoring pelagic ecosystems using plankton indicators. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62:333-338.

Berry, H. D., T. F. Mumford, and P. Dowty. 2005. Using historical data to estimate changes in floating kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana and Macrocystis integrifolia) in Puget Sound, Washington.in Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference, Seattle, WA.

Berry, H. D., A. Sewell, and B. V. Wagenen. 2001. Temporal trends in the areal extent of cCanopy-forming kelp beds along the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Washington's Outer Coast.in Puget Sound Research Conference, Seattle, WA.

Berry, H. D., A. T. Sewell, S. Wyllie-Echeverria, B. R. Reeves, T. F. Mumford, J. R. Skalski, R. C. Zimmerman, and J. Archer. 2003. Puget Sound Submerged Vegetation Monitoring Project: 2000-2002 Monitoring Report, Nearshore Habitat Program. Washington State Department of Resources, Olympia, WA.

Beschta, R. L., and W. J. Ripple. 2009. Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States. Biological Conservation 142:2401-2414.

Bill, B. D., F. H. Cox, R. A. Horner, J. A. Borchert, and V. L. Trainer. 2006. The first closure of shellfish harvesting due to domoic acid in Puget Sound, Washington, USA. African Journal of Marine Science 28:435-440.

Blackwood, J., A. Hastings, and C. Costello. 2010. Cost-effective management of invasive species using linear-quadratic control. Ecological Economics 69:519-527.

Block, W. M., A. B. Franklin, J. P. Ward, J. L. Ganey, and G. C. White. 2001. Design and implementation of monitoring studies to evaluate the success of ecological restoration on wildlife. Restoration Ecology 9:293-303.

Boesch, D. F., and R. E. Turner. 1984. Dependence of fishery species on salt marshes: The role of food and refuge. Estuaries 7:460-468.

Borde, A. B., R. M. Thom, S. Rumrill, and L. M. Miller. 2003. Geospatial habitat change in Pacific Northwest coastal estuaries. Estuaries 26:1104-1116.

Bortleson, G. C., M. J. Chrzastowski, and A. K. Helgerson. 1980. Historical changes of shoreline and wetland at eleven major deltas in the Puget Sound region, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Hydrological Investigations Atlas HA-617.

Bouma, J. V. 2007. Early life history dynamics of pinto abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) and implications for recovery in the San Juan archipelago, WashingtonState. Thesis (M S ). School of Aquatic and Fisheries Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Bowen, W. D. 2000. Reconstruction of pinniped diets: accounting for complete digestion of otoliths and cephalopod beaks. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:898-905.

Bower, J. L. 2009. Changes in marine bird abundance in the Salish Sea: 1975 to 2007. Marine Ornithology 37:9-17.

Boyer, J. N., C. R. Kelble, P. B. Ortner, and D. T. Rudnick. 2009. Phytoplankton bloom status: Chlorophyll a biomass as an indicator of water quality condition in the southern estuaries of Florida, USA. Ecological Indicators 9:S56-S67.

Bradford, M. J. 1995. Comparative review of Pacific salmon survival rates. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52:1327-1338.

Brennan, J. S. 2007. Marine riparian vegetation communities of Puget Sound. Puget Sound Partnership Report No. 2007-02. Published by Seattle District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington.

Brennan, J. S., and H. Culverwell. 2004. Marine Riparian: An Assessment of Riparian Functions in Marine Ecosystems. Page 34 in W. S. Grant, editor. WashingtonSea Grant Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Briggs, K. T., W. B. Tyler, and D. B. Lewis. 1985. Comparison of Ship and Aerial Surveys of Birds at Sea. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:405-411.

Britton-Simmons, K., J. E. Eckman, and D. O. Duggins. 2008. Effect of tidal currents and tidal stage on estimates of bed size in the kelp Nereocystis luetkeana. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 355:95.

Buchanan, J. B. 1988. The Abundance and Migration of Shorebirds at Two Puget Sound Estuaries. Western Birds 19:69-78.

Buchanan, J. B. 2000. Shorebirds: Plovers, Oystercatchers, Avocets and Stilts, Sandpipers, Snipes, and Phalaropes.in W. D. o. F. a. Wildlife, editor.

Buchanan, J. B. 2006. Nearshore Birds in Puget Sound. No. 2006-05, Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership Report, Seattle, WA.

Buchanan, J. B., and J. R. Evenson. 1997. Abundance of Shorebirds at Willapa Bay, Washington. Western Birds 28:158-168.

Buckley, R. M. 1967. 1965 bottomfish sport fishery. Supplemental Progress Report. Washington Department of Fisheries.

Bullard, S. G., G. Lambert, M. R. Carman, J. Byrnes, R. B. Whitlatch, G. Ruiz, R. J. Miller, L. Harris, P. C. Valentine, J. S. Collie, J. Pederson, D. C. McNaught, A. N. Cohen, R. G. Asch, J. Dijkstra, and K. Heinonen. 2007. The colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. A: Current distribution, basic biology and potential threat to marine communities of the northeast and west coasts of North America. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 342:99-108.

Bulleri, F., and M. G. Chapman. 2010. The introduction of coastal infrastructure as a driver of change in marine environments. Journal of Applied Ecology 47:26-35.

Burdick, D. M., and F. T. Short. 1999. The effects of boat docks on eelgrass beds in coastal waters of Massachusetts. Environmental Management 23:231-240.

Burger, A. E. 1997. Inventory Methods for Seabirds: cormorants, gulls, murres, storm-petrels, Ancient Murrelet, auklets, puffins, and Pigeon Guillemot. Page 55 in M. o. E. Resources Inventory Committee, Lands and Parks, editor. Government Publications Centre, Victoria, B.C.

Burger, A. E., A. D. Lawrence, and E. A. Stewart. 2002. Seasonal and spatial variations in densities and composition of seabird communities off southwest Vancouver Island, 1993-1995. Report to Nestucca Trust Fund and BC Ministry of Water, Land, and Air Protection, Victoria, BC.

Calambokidis, J., J. D. Darling, V. Deecke, P. Gearin, M. Gosho, W. Megill, C. M. Tomback, D. Goley, C. Toropova, and B. Gisborne. 2002. Abundance, range and movements of a feeding aggregation of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) from California to southeastern Alaska in 1998. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 4:267-276.

Callaway, J., G. Sullivan, J. Desmond, G. Williams, and J. Zedler. 2001. Assessment and monitoring. Pages 271-336 in J. B. Zedler, editor. Handbook for Restoring Tidal Wetlands. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.

Callaway, J. C., R. D. DeLaune, and W. H. Patrich. 1997. Sediment accretion rates from four coastal wetlands along the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Coastal Research 13:181-191.

Callaway, J. C., J. A. Nyman, and R. D. DeLaune. 1996. Sediment accretion in coastal wetlands: A review and a simulation model of processes. Current Topics in Wetland Biogeochemistry 2:2-23.

Campell, A. E. 2000. Workshop on rebuilding abalone stocks in British Columbia. Pages 173-185 inCan. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. .

Carr, M. H. 1991. Habitat selection and recruitment of an assemblage of temperate zone reef fishes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 146:113-137.

Carretta, J. V., K. A. Forney, M. S. Lowry, J. Barlow, J. Baker, D. Johnston, B. Hanson, M. M. Muto, D. Lynch, and L. Carswell. 2009. U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2008.in U. S. D. Commer., editor.

Carretta, J. V., K. A. Forney, M. M. Muto, J. Barlow, J. Baker, B. Hanson, and M. S. Lowry. 2007. U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2006. Page 312 in U. S. D. Commer., editor.

Carretta, J. V., K. A. Forney, M. M. Muto, J. Barlow, J. Baker, and M. Lowry. 2004. U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2003.in U. S. D. o. Commerce, editor.

Carscadden, J. E., W. A. Montevecchi, G. K. Davoren, and B. S. Nakashima. 2002. Trophic relationships among capelin (Mallotus villosus) and seabirds in a changing ecosystem. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 59:1027-1033.

CBP. 2000. The 2000 User's Guide to Chesapeake Bay Program Biological and Living Resources Monitoring Data. Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD, USA.

Cesh, L. S., T. D. Williams, D. K. Garcelon, and J. E. Elliott. 2008. Patterns and trends of chlorinated hydrocarbons in nestling bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) plasma in British Columbia and souther California. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 55:496-502.

Chavez, F. P., J. Ryan, S. E. Lluch-Cota, and M. Ñ. C. 2003. From Anchovies to Sardines and Back: Multidecadal Change in the Pacific Ocean. Science 299:217-221.

Chittaro, P. M., R. J. Finley, and P. S. Levin. 2009. Spatial and temporal patterns in the contribution of fish from their nursery habitats. Oecologia 160:49-61.

Clancy, M., I. Logan, J. Lowe, J. Johannessen, A. MacLennan, F. B. Van Cleve, J. Dillon, B. Lyons, R. Carman, P. Cereghino, B. Barnard, C. Tanner, D. Myers, R. Clark, J. White, C. A. Simenstad, M. Gilmer, and N. Chin. 2009. Management measures for protecting and restoring the Puget Sound nearshore. Puget Sound nearshore ecosystem restoration project report No. 2009-01. Published by Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington.

Cole, B., and J. Cloern. 1987. An empirical model for estimating phytoplankton productivity in estuaries. Marine Ecology Progress Series 36:299-305.

Coll, M., L. J. Shannon, D. Yemane, J. S. Link, H. Ojaveer, S. Neira, D. Jouffre, P. Labrosse, J. J. Heymans, E. A. Fulton, and Y. J. Shin. 2009. Ranking the ecological relative status of exploited marine ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsp261.

Collier, B. A., and D. G. Krementz. 2007. Uncertainty in age-specific harvest estimates and consequences for white-tailed deer management. Ecological Modelling 201:194-204.

Collins, B. D., D. R. Montgomery, and A. D. Haas. 2002. Historical changes in the distribution and functions of large wood in Puget Lowland rivers. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59:66-76.

Collins, B. D., D. R. Montgomery, and A. J. Sheikh. 2003. Reconstructing the historical riverine landscape of the Puget lowland. Pages 79-128 in D. R. Montgomery, editor. Restoration of Puget Sound rivers. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.

Collins, B. D., and A. J. Sheikh. 2005. Historical reconstruction, classification, and change analysis of Puget Sound tidal marshes.in U. W. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, editor. Project competion report to Washington Department of Natural Resources, Seattle, Washington.

Committee, C. W. S. W. 2009. Population Status of Migratory Game Birds in Canada, 2009.

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2007. Species at Risk Act: Annual Report for 2006 and 2007.

COSEWIC. 2009. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Northern Abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, CAN.

Costanza, R., F. H. Sklar, and M. L. White. 1990. Modeling coastal landscape dynamics. BioScience 40:91-107.

Cottrell, P. E., E. H. Miller, and A. W. Trites. 1996. Assessing the use of hard parts in faeces to identify harbour seal prey: results of captive-feeding trials. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:875-880.

Council, W. B. 2008. Washington's Biodiversity: Status and Threats. Page 60.

Cury, P., A. Bakun, R. J. M. Crawford, A. Jarre, R. A. Quiñones, L. J. Shannon, and H. M. Verheye. 2000. Small pelagics in upwelling systems: patterns of interaction and structural changes in "wasp-waist" ecosystems. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57:603-618.

Cyra, T. A., J. R. Evenson, R. L. Milner, and D. R. Nysewander. 2007. 2007 Census and Distribution of Gull Colonies In North Puget Sound, Washington.in M. B. a. H. P. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, editor., Olympia, WA.

Daniel, K. S., and T. W. Therriault. 2007. Biological Synopsis of the Invasive Tunicate Didemnum sp.in F. a. O. Canada, editor., Nanaimo, BC.

Davies, Z. G., R. A. Fuller, A. Loram, K. N. Irvine, V. Sims, and K. J. Gaston. 2009. A national scale inventory of resource provision for biodiversity within domestic gardens. Biological Conservation 142:761-771.

Day, J. W., J. Rybczyk, F. Scarton, A. Rismondo, D. Are, and G. Cecconi. 1999. Soil accretionary dynamics, sea-level rise, and the survival of wetlands in Venice Lagoon: A field and modelling approach. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 49:607-628.

Dayton, P. K., and M. J. Tegner. 1984. Catastrophic storms, El Nino, and patch stability in a southern California kelp community. Science 224:283-285.

Dean, B. J., A. Webb, C. A. McSorley, and J. B. Reid. 2003. Aerial surveys of UK inshore areas for wintering seaduck, divers, and grebes: 2000/01 and 2001/02.in J. N. C. Committee, editor.

Dennison, W. C., R. J. Orth, K. A. Moore, J. C. Stevenson, V. Carter, S. Kollar, P. W. Bergstrom, and R. A. Batiuk. 1993. Assessing water quality with submersed aquatic vegetation. BioScience 43:86-94.

Determan, T. A., S. Washington . Office of Food, P. Shellfish, and P. Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring. 2001. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) patterns in Puget Sound shellfish, year 2000 : a report for the Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program. Office of Food Safety and Shellfish Programs, WashingtonState Dept. of Health, [Olympia, Wash.].

Dethier, M. N. 2006. Native Shellfish in Nearshore Ecosystems of Puget Sound. Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership. Report No. 2006-04. Published by Seattle District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington.

Dethier, M. N., and S. D. Hacker. 2004. Improving Management Practices for Invasive Cordgrass in the Pacific Northwest: A Case Study of Spartina anglica. WashingtonSea Grant Program, Seattle, WA.

Dethier, M. N., and G. C. Schoch. 2005. The consequences of scale: assessing the distribution of benthic populations in a complex estuarine fjord. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 2005:253-270.

Dethier, M. N., and G. C. Schoch. 2006. Taxonomic sufficiency in distinguishing natural spatial patterns on an estuarine shoreline. Marine Ecology Progress Series 306:41-49.

Dinnel, P. A., D. A. Armstrong, and R. O. McMillan. 1993. EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE RECRUITMENT-COHORTS OF PUGET SOUND DUNGENESS CRAB, CANCER-MAGISTER. Marine Biology 115:53-63.

Dolph, I., B. Barry, E. Pickett, T. Manns, and H. Forsey. 2008. Pigeon Guillemot Census - Skagit County 2006 & 2007. Page 9 in W. S. S. B. Watchers, editor.

Downing, J. 1983. The Coast of Puget Sound: Its Processes and Development.in W. S. G. Program, editor. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.

Dowty, P., B. Reeves, H. Berry, S. Wyllie-Echeverria, T. Mumford, A. Sewell, P. Milos, and R. L. Wright. 2005. Puget Sound Submerged Vegetation Monitoring Project: 2003-2004 Monitoring Report.in W. S. D. o. N. Resources, editor., Olympia, WA.

Druehl, L. D. 1969. The northeast Pacific rim distribution of Laminariales. Pages 161-170 in International Seaweed Symposium.

Drut, M. S., and J. B. Buchanan. 2000. Northern PacificCoast Regional Shorebird Management Plan.

Duarte, C. M. 2002. The future of seagrass meadows. Environmental Conservation 29:192-206.

Duarte, C. M., W. C. Dennison, R. J. Orth, and T. J. B. Carruthers. 2008. The charisma of coastal ecosystems: addressing the imbalance. Estuaries and Coasts 31:233-238.

Dugan, J. E., and D. M. Hubbard. 2006. Ecological responses to coastal armoring on exposed sandy beaches. Shore and Beach 74:10-16.

Dugan, J. E., D. M. Hubbard, I. F. Rodil, D. L. Revell, and S. Schroeter. 2008. Ecological effects of coastal armoring on sandy beaches. Marine Ecology 29:160-170.

Duggins, D. O., C. A. Simenstad, and J. A. Estes. 1989. Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal marine ecosystems. Science 245:170-173.

Dulvy, N. K., S. Jennings, S. I. Rogers, and D. L. Maxwell. 2006. Threat and decline in fishes: an indicator of marine biodiversity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63:1267-1275.

Dunwiddie, P. W., and R. C. Kuntz. 2001. Long-term trends of bald eagles in winter on the Skagit River, Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:290-299.

Dyson, K., and D.D. Huppert. in press, corrected proof. Regional economic impacts of razor clam beach closures due to harmful algal blooms (HABs) on the Pacific coast of Washington. Harmful Algae In Press, Corrected Proof.

Eckman, J. E., D. O. Duggins, and A. T. Sewell. 1989. Ecology of under story kelp environments. I. Effects of kelps on flow and particle transport near the bottom. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 129:173-187.

Edwards, M., G. Beaugrand, A. W. G. John, D. G. Johns, P. Licandro, A. McQuatters-Gollop, and P. C. Reid. 2009. Ecological status report: results from the CPR survey 2007/2008. Plymouth, UK.

Eissinger, A. M. 2007. Great Blue Herons in Puget Sound.in S. D. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, editor., Seattle, WA.

EPA. 2002. Research strategy: Environmental monitoring and assessment program. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA620/R-02/002, Research Triangle Park, NC.

Estes, J. A., D. P. DeMaster, D. F. Doak, T. M. William, and J. Brownell, R.L. 2006. Whales, whaling and ocean ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Estes, J. A., D. P. DeMaster, D. F. Doak, T. M. William, and J. Brownell, R.L. 2007. Whales, whaling and ocean ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Estes, J. A., and J. F. Palmisano. 1974. Sea Otters: Their role in structuring nearshore communities. Science 185:1058-1060.

Ewins, P. J., K. H. Morgan, and K. Vermeer. 1994. The Distribution of Pigeon Guillemots (Cepphus columba) breeding on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, in 1989. Northwestern Naturalist 75:54-62.

Farina, A. 2000. Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology, Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.

Fennessy, S., M.Gernes, J. Mack, and D. H. Waldrop. 2001. Methods for Evaluating Wetland Condition: Using Vegetation to Assess Environmental Conditions in Wetlands. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.

Ferdana, Z., M. W. Beck, and D. Dorfman. 2006. Improving Methods for Marine Regional Assessments: Examples from the Pacific Northwest. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA.

Finlayson, D. 2006. The Geomorphology of Puget Sound Beaches. WashingtonSea Grant Program, University of Washington, Seattle.

Fisher, W., and D. Velasquez. 2008. Management recommendations for Washington's priority habitats and species: Dungeness crab (Cancer magister). Olympia.

Fitzner, R. E., R. H. Gray, and W. T. Hinds. 1995. Heavy-metal concentrations in great blue heron fecal castings in Washington State - A technique for monitoring regional and global trends in environmental contaminants. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 55:398-403.

Fletcher, C. H., R. A. Mullane, and B. M. Richmond. 1997. Beach loss along armored shorelines on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Coastal Research 13:209-215.

Ford, J. K. B., G. M. Ellis, P. F. Olesiuk, and K. C. Balcomb. 2010. Linking killer whale survival and prey abundance: food limitation in the oceans' apex predator? Biology Letters 6:139-142.

Forman, R. T. T., and M. Godron. 1986. Landscape Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA.

Forney, K. A., and P. R. Wade. 2007. Worldwide Distribution and Abundance of Killer Whales. Page 402 in J. A. Estes, D. P. DeMaster, D. F. Doak, T. M. Williams, and J. Brownell, R.L, editors. Whales, whaling, and ocean ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

French, L. J., G. F. Smith, D. L. Kelly, F. J. G. Mitchell, S. O'Donoghue, S. E. Iremonger, and A. M. McKee. 2008. Ground flora communities in temperate oceanic plantation forests and the influence of silvicultural, geographic and edaphic factors. Forest Ecology and Management 255:476-494.

Fulton, E. A., A. D. M. Smith, and A. E. Punt. 2005. Which ecological indicators can robustly detect effects of fishing? ICES Journal of Marine Science 62:540-551.

Gaeckle, J. L., P.Dowty, H. Berry, and L. Ferrier. 2009. Puget Sound Submerged Vegetation Monitoring Project: 2008 Monitoring Report, Nearshore Habitat Program. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA.

Gao, Z. G., and L. Q. Zhang. 2006. Multi-seasonal spectral characteristics analysis of coastal salt marsh vegetation in Shanghai, China. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 69:217-224.

Gaston, K. J., and R. A. Fuller. 2008. Commonness, population depletion and conservation biology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23:14-19.

Gaydos, J. K., and N. A. Brown. 2009. Species of Concern within the Salish Sea Marine Ecosystem: changes from 2002 to 2008.in Proceedings of the 2009 Puget Sound Georgia Basin Ecosystem Conference.