Making Content Comprehensible

Making Content Comprehensible

for English Learners

The SIOP® Model

Jana Echevarría

California State University, Long Beach

MaryEllen Vogt

California State University, Long Beach

Deborah J. Short

Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, DC

Academic Language Research & Training, Arlington, VA

t h i r d e d i t i o n

ISBN: 0-558-16604-0

Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP® Model, Third Edition, by Jana Echevarría, MaryEllen Vogt, & Deborah J. Short.

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ISBN 10: 0-205-51886-9

ISBN 13: 978-0-205-51886-9

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Echevarria, Jana, 1956-

Making content comprehensible for English learners: the SIOP model/Jana

Echevarria, MaryEllen Vogt, Deborah J. Short. — 3rd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical reference and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-205-51886-9

ISBN-10: 0-205-51886-9

I. Vogt, MaryEllen. II. Short, Deborah. III. Title.

PE1128.A2E24 2007

482.0071—dc22

2007008452

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CIN 11 10 09 08 07

Photo Credits: Page 3, Will Hart/PhotoEdit; p. 23, Robin Sachs/PhotoEdit; p. 53, 95,

Jana Echevarría; p. 79, Frank Siteman; p. 115, David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; p. 137,

Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit; p. 153, Robert Harbison; p. 167, David Mager/Pearson

Learning Photo Studio; p. 187, Comstock; p. 203, Ellen Senisi.

ISBN: 0-558-16604-0

Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP® Model, Third Edition, by Jana Echevarría, MaryEllen Vogt, & Deborah J. Short.

For my husband, Casey Vose, for his generosity, support and love.

To my children and grandchildren: Scott, Kevin, Jeff, Karlin, Kyndal,

Kameron and True, for their inspiration.

MEV

To my mother and grandmother, for their tradition of strength

and determination and for their support and encouragement

over the years.

DJS

ISBN: 0-558-16604-0

Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP® Model, Third Edition, by Jana Echevarría, MaryEllen Vogt, & Deborah J. Short.

ISBN: 0-558-16604-0

Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP® Model, Third Edition, by Jana Echevarría, MaryEllen Vogt, & Deborah J. Short.

c o n t e n t s

Preface and Acknowledgments xi

Introducing Sheltered Instruction 2

Objectives 2

Demographic Changes 6

English Learner Diversity 7

School Reform and Accountability in the Twenty-First Century 8

Academic Literacy 10

Changes in Instructional Practice for English Learners 12

The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol 15

The SIOP® Model 16

Implementing the SIOP® Model: Getting Started 18

Summary 20

Discussion Questions 20

Lesson Preparation 22

Objectives 22

Background 23

SIOP® Feature 1: Content Objectives Clearly Defined, Displayed, and Reviewed with Students 24

SIOP® Feature 2: Language Objectives Clearly Defined, Displayed, and Reviewed

with Students 25

Writing Content and Language Objectives 27

SIOP® Feature 3: Content Concepts Appropriate for Age and

Educational Background 31

SIOP® Feature 4: Supplementary Materials Used to a High Degree 33

SIOP® Feature 5: Adaptation of Content to All Levels of Student Proficiency 34

SIOP® Feature 6: Meaningful Activities That Integrate Lesson Concepts with

Language Practice Opportunities 38

Using the SIOP® Protocol 39

The Lesson 39

Unit: The Gold Rush (Fourth Grade) 39

Teaching Scenarios 40

Discussion of Lessons 46

Summary 50

Discussion Questions 50

Building Background 52

Objectives 52

Background 53

SIOP® Feature 7: Concepts Explicitly Linked to Students’ Background Experiences 54

ISBN: 0-558-16604-0

Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP® Model, Third Edition, by Jana Echevarría, MaryEllen Vogt, & Deborah J. Short.

Instructional Implications 56

SIOP® Feature 8: Links Explicitly Made between Past Learning and New Concepts 58

SIOP® Feature 9: Key Vocabulary Emphasized (e.g., introduced, written, repeated,

and highlighted for students to see) 58

Academic Language 58

Academic Word List 61

Vocabulary Instruction 63

The Lesson 68

Unit: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH (Sixth Grade) 68

Teaching Scenarios 69

Discussion of Lessons 74

Summary 76

Discussion Questions 76

Comprehensible Input 78

Objectives 78

Background 79

SIOP® Feature 10: Speech Appropriate for Students’ Proficiency Levels 80

SIOP® Feature 11: Clear Explanation of Academic Tasks 81

SIOP® Feature 12: A Variety of Techniques Used to Make Content

Concepts Clear 82

Unit: Buoyancy (Ninth Grade) 84

Teaching Scenarios 85

Discussion of Lessons 89

Summary 92

Discussion Questions 93

Strategies 94

Objectives 94

Background 95

SIOP® Feature 13: Ample Opportunities Provided for Students to Use

Learning Strategies 96

SIOP® Feature 14: Scaffolding Techniques Consistently Used, Assisting and

Supporting Student Understanding 100

SIOP® Feature 15: A Variety of Questions or Tasks That Promote Higher-Order

Thinking Skills 102

The Lesson 104

Unit: The Rain Forest (Seventh Grade) 104

Teaching Scenarios 104

Discussion of Lessons 110

Summary 112

Discussion Questions 113

c o n t e n t s

ISBN: 0-558-16604-0

Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP® Model, Third Edition, by Jana Echevarría, MaryEllen Vogt, & Deborah J. Short.

Interaction 114

Objectives 114

Background 115

Mainstream Lesson 116

SIOP® Model 117

SIOP® Feature 16: Frequent Opportunities for Interaction and Discussion 119

Oral Language Development 119

Other Opportunities for Interaction 121

SIOP® Feature 17: Grouping Configurations Support Language and Content

Objectives of the Lesson 122

SIOP® Feature 18: Sufficient Wait Time for Student Responses Consistently Provided 127

SIOP® Feature 19: Ample Opportunity for Students to Clarify Key Concepts in L1 128

The Lesson 128

Unit: Addition and Subtraction (First Grade) 128

Teaching Scenarios 128

Discussion of Lessons 133

Summary 134

Discussion Questions 135

Practice/Application 136

Objectives 136

Background 137

SIOP® Feature 20: Hands-On Materials and/or Manipulatives Provided for

Students to Practice Using New Content Knowledge 139

SIOP® Feature 21: Activities Provided for Students to Apply Content and

Language Knowledge 140

SIOP® Feature 22: Activities That Integrate All Language Skills 142

The Lesson 143

Unit: Ecosystems (Eleventh Grade) 143

Teaching Scenarios 144

Discussion of Lessons 147

Summary 150

Discussion Questions 150

Lesson Delivery 152

Objectives 152

Background 153

SIOP® Feature 23: Content Objectives Clearly Supported by Lesson Delivery 154

SIOP® Feature 24: Language Objectives Clearly Supported by Lesson Delivery 154

Meeting Content and Language Objectives 154

SIOP® Feature 25: Student Engaged Approximately 90% to 100% of the Period 155

SIOP® Feature 26: Pacing of the Lesson Appropriate to

Students’Ability Levels 156

c o n t e n t s

vii

ISBN: 0-558-16604-0

Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP® Model, Third Edition, by Jana Echevarría, MaryEllen Vogt, & Deborah J. Short.

The Lesson 157

Unit: The Gold Rush (Fourth Grade) 157

Teaching Scenarios 157

Discussion of Lessons 160

Summary 164

Discussion Questions 164

Review and Assessment 166

Objectives 166

Background 168

SIOP® Feature 27: Comprehensive Review of Key Vocabulary 168

SIOP® Feature 28: Comprehensive Review of Key Content Concepts 170

SIOP® Feature 29: Regular Feedback Provided to Students on Their Output 171

SIOP® Feature 30: Assessment of Student Comprehension and Learning of All

Lesson Objectives throughout the Lesson 171

The Lesson 176

Unit: Egyptian Mummies (Eighth Grade) 176

Teaching Scenarios 176

Discussion of Lessons 181

Summary 185

Discussion Questions 185

Issues of Reading Development and Special

Education for English Learners 186

Objectives 187

Issues of Reading Development and Assessment 188

Issues Related to Special Education 193

Special Education Services: When Are They Appropriate? 194

Assisting Struggling Learners 196

Students with Special Needs 198

Summary 200

Discussion Questions 200

Effective Use of the SIOP® Protocol 202

Objectives 202

Best Practice in Using the SIOP® Protocol 203

Scoring and Interpreting the SIOP® Protocol 205

Assigning Scores 205

Not Applicable (NA) Category 206

Calculating Scores 206

Sample Lesson 207

Using SIOP® Scores and Comments 210

c o n t e n t s

viii

ISBN: 0-558-16604-0

Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP® Model, Third Edition, by Jana Echevarría, MaryEllen Vogt, & Deborah J. Short.

Reliability and Validity of the SIOP® 220

Summary 220

Discussion Questions 220

Appendix A: The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP®) 222

Appendix B: Lesson Plans 230

Appendix C: Research on the SIOP® Model 236

Summary: Selected Findings from the SIOP® Research Project 239

Current SIOP® Research Studies 240

References 242

Glossary 244

References 248

Index 264

c o n t e n t s

ISBN: 0-558-16604-0

Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP® Model, Third Edition, by Jana Echevarría, MaryEllen Vogt, & Deborah J. Short.

ISBN: 0-558-16604-0

Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP® Model, Third Edition, by Jana Echevarría, MaryEllen Vogt, & Deborah J. Short.

p r e f a c e a n d a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s

It is hard to believe that over ten years have passed since we first began our journey

with the SIOP® Model. In the beginning, it would have been hard to believe that a

decade later the SIOP® Model would be implemented in districts throughout all fifty

states in the United States, and in several other countries. Whether you are already

familiar with the SIOP® Model or are just now learning about the SIOP®, we hope that

you will find this new edition to be informative, helpful, and most important, beneficial

to the English learners (ELs) and other students with whom you work. In the earlier

editions of the text, we discussed the need for a comprehensive, well-articulated

model of instruction for preparing teachers to work with English learners. From this

need, the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP®) was created. Now, with

the widespread use of the SIOP® Model throughout the country, we offer the third

edition.

Our work on the SIOP® Model began with reviewing the literature and examining

district-produced guidelines for English learners to find agreement on a definition of

sheltered instruction, or SDAIE (Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English).

A preliminary observation protocol was drafted and field-tested with sheltered teachers.

A research project through the Center for Research on Education, Diversity, & Excellence

(CREDE) enabled us to engage in an intensive refinement process and to use the SIOP®

Model in a sustained professional development effort with teachers on both the East and

West Coasts.Through this process of classroom observation, coaching, discussion, and

reflection, the instrument was refined and changed, and eventually it evolved into the

Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol, or as it has come to be known, the SIOP®

(pronounced sı¯-o˘ p). The SIOP® operationalizes sheltered instruction by offering teachers

a model for lesson planning and implementation that provides English learners with

access to grade-level content standards.

Since the first edition of this book was published, we have continued to refine the

SIOP® Model, and in our work with thousands of teachers and administrators throughout

the country, our own understanding of effective sheltered instruction/SDAIE and the needs

of English learners has grown substantially. We believe, and our research confirms, that when

teachers use the SIOP® for their planning and teaching of English learners, high-quality and

effective sheltered instruction results, and student achievement is improved.

As the authors of this book, we have approached our teaching, writing, and

research from different and complementary fields. Jana Echevarría’s research and

publications have focused on issues in the education of English learners, and on ELs

with special education needs, as well as on professional development for regular and

special education teachers. MaryEllen Vogt’s research interests include improving

comprehension, especially in the content areas, content literacy for English learners,

and teacher change and development. Deborah Short is a researcher and former sheltered

instruction teacher with expertise in second-language development, academic literacy,

methods for integrating language and content instruction, materials development, and

teacher change.

The strength of our collaboration is that we approach the issue of educating English

learners from different perspectives. In writing the book, we each provided a slightly

ISBN: 0-558-16604-0

Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP® Model, Third Edition, by Jana Echevarría, MaryEllen Vogt, & Deborah J. Short.