CHAPTER 1: “RUSSIA LOOKS WEST,” (pp. 8-47)
WINDS OF REVOLUTION: TIMEFRAME AD 1700—1800
1. A name more commonly given to the eighteenth century’s “Age of Reason,” its adherents often characterized their willingness to explore new ideas with the faith-and-tradition bound ways of the earlier “Dark Ages.” ______
2. Derived from the Greek for “friends of wisdom,” it became the term used in France for the free-thinkers of the era. ______
3. What was the seventeen-volume compendium of knowledge, ideas, and social criticism edited by the French scholar Denis Diderot? ______
4. The rationalistic Christian faith of many of the era’s philosophers, it held that a benevolent God had created the world according to universal laws, and had accorded upon humans virtue and the gift of reason. ______
5. This English philosopher suggested that humans were not inevitably stained by Original Sin but rather were born as blank slates and became products of their environment. ______
6. In Emile, this French philosopher suggested recognizing the natural virtue of children and raising them in a noncoercive environment; his Social Contract (1762) called for a republican state where citizens freely surrendered their individual will to the general will of society but retained the right to a voice in shaping the laws that ruled their lives. ______
7. This Italian theorist called for a system of criminal jurisprudence that rested upon rehabilitation rather than upon retribution. ______
8. This Scottish economist wrote his Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776, the first clearly articulated defense of the virtues of capitalism. ______
9. This elite military force attempted to overthrow Peter the Great while he was away in western Europe on tour in 1698. ______
10. Upon his return from his 1698 tour of Western Europe, Peter decreed that all men except members of the clergy were forbidden to wear these, an act that caused widespread protest. ______
11. In 1722, Peter introduced this new classification system, a meritocratic class structure that defined a person’s place in society by individual achievement rather than by birth. ______
12—13. In 1703, Peter began building this new city, transforming a bog on the Baltic into a grand western-style capital. ______This building, alter to figure prominently in the revolutions of the early twentieth century, dominated the left bank of the Neva, the river that ran through this city. ______
14. This sizable new tax introduced by Peter in 1718, payable by almost every male in Russia, would figure prominently in the development of the system of serfdom. ______
15.Claiming to be the deposed Czar Peter III, he led a 1774 peasant rebellion in southeast Russia against Catherine the Great. ______
16. In the last quarter of the eighteenth century, this country was divided up among Russia, Prussia, and Austria – by 1795 it had ceased to exist as a sovereign state. ______
CHAPTER 2: “THE RISE OF PRUSSIA”
WINDS OF REVOLUTION: TIMEFRAME AD 1700—1800
1. Coming to power in 1740, this king conquered territory formerly held by Austria and Poland, and transformed Prussia into a formidable military power. ______
2. The upper ranks of the Prussian army and civil service alike were staffed by these powerful landowners. ______
3. This major European war, which began in 1756, saw Prussia and Britain allied against Austria, Sweden, France, and Russia – the fighting not only engulfed the continent but extended also to North America and Asia. ______
4. The British defeat of the French at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 consolidated their control over this colony. ______
5—6. In 1759, British forces under General James Wolfe defeated General Montcalm’s French troops at this key citadel town. ______What was the consequence of this English victory? ______
CHAPTER 3: “THE PACIFIC ADVENTURE”
WINDS OF REVOLUTION: TIMEFRAME AD 1700-1800
1. The existence of this fabled “unknown southern land” had first been suggested by Ptolemy, who had argued in the second century A.D. that antipodes – or “balancing feet” – must exist to provide a counterweight to Asia and Europe. ______
2. This Portuguese explorer was the first to cross the Pacific – it was he who had misleadingly termed it the “peaceful” sea. ______
3. A dominant early European power in the Pacific, they had colonized the Philippines. ______
4. Sailors from this nation were the first Europeans to sight Fiji and New Zealand, and to land on Australia and Tasmania. ______
5. A disease caused by lack of Vitamin C, it plagued crews who attempted to sail in the Pacific’s spacious waters. ______
6. Until the 1770s, European navigators were unable to calculate this, which would have allowed them to determine how far east or west they had traveled. ______
7-8. The lowered water levels of the Pleistocene ice age had allowed these native inhabitants of Australia to cross on foot from Asia some 40,000 years ago. ______The estimated native population of Australia by the eighteenth century. ______
9. According to Aboriginal mythology, every feature of the landscape was still linked in a deeply spiritual manner to this earlier era of first creation. ______
10. A predominantly Mongoloid people settled here in the “small islands” east of the Philippines and the Moluccas. ______
11. Darker-skinned settlers from New Guinea reached and inhabited these volcanic islands northeast of Australia. ______
12—16. Starting from the islands of southeast Asia around 2500 B.C., this seafaring people had fanned out by the eighth century AD through 9.3 million square miles of the south Pacific. ______The largest settlements, totaling some 300,000 inhabitants, were on this group of eight islands. ______Name three other islands or island groupings settled by these people. ______; ______; ______
17. Probably not arriving in great numbers on Aoteoroa (now known as New Zealand) until the thirteenth or fourteenth century, their population had reached some 200,000 by the eighteenth century. ______
18. True or False: Like all Pacific Islanders, the Maori were a peaceful people who did not know of war until the Europeans arrived. _____
19.Based on the true story of a Scottish sailor stranded off the coast of Chile, this 1719 Daniel Defoe novel spurred interest in the Pacific. ______
20—22. This 1726 satire written by the Englishman Jonathan Swift took its hero on a voyage throughout the Pacific. ______What was the name of the mythical land of the little people in this book? ______What was the land of the giants located near Japan? ______
23.The Paris-based French Academy of Sciences and the London Royal Society, both pushed forward with exciting scientific research in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, the latter under the direction of this famous English physicist. ______
24. The French who arrived in Tahiti in 1769 thought that the society found there confirmed the theories of this philosopher, who 20 years earlier had argued that people in a state of nature were essentially good but that Europeans had been corrupted by organized society. ______
25—31. The three epic voyages of this English navigator in the late 1760s and 1770s opened up the South Pacific for full European exploration and settlement. ______His passage through this strait on his first voyage confirmed that Australia was a separate island from New Guinea. ______The name given to the place he and his crew landed at on the eastern shore of Australia in 1770. ______What did he name Hawaii? ______Who did the Hawaiians mistake him for? ______His search for this led to extensive exploration of the Pacific Northwest and the Arctic, including a stay amongst the Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island. ______Where and when did this explorer die? ______
32. The British finally annexed this island in 1840. ______
33—35. Amongst the passengers on the “First Fleet,” eleven ships sent by the English in 1787 to settle Australia, were more than 700 of these. ______The number of these who would be shipped to Australia in the next seventy years. ______What was the name of the first settlement? ______
36. This disease would decimate the native inhabitants of Australia. ______
37. The dark-skinned Aborigines of this island would be hunted down like animals in the first two decades of the nineteenth century; by 1876 not one would remain. ______
38. Crossbreeding between this English animal and a related Spanish variety would lay the foundations for one of Australia’s great industries. ______
39. He completed the first circumnavigation of Australia in 1802, thereby solidifying the English claim to the entire continent. ______
CHAPTER 4: “AMERICA INDEPENDENT,” (pp. 97-121)
WINDS OF REVOLUTION: TIMEFRAME AD 1700—1800
1. Who was the king of England during the American Revolution? ______
2. “We hold these Truths to be self-evident” are the opening words of what famous document? ______
3. English settlers sponsored by the entrepreneurs of the London Company established this Chesapeake Bay town in 1607. ______
4. Dissident Protestants of this sect were responsible for settling Plymouth and the Massachusetts Bay Colony. ______
5. This war would not only profoundly change the global balance of power between France and England but also would, in eliminating the French presence in North America, shift the relationship between the Thirteen Colonies and the home country. ______
6. This British legislation of 1765 imposed a tax on all legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards, and required them to carry tax stamps. ______
7. Soldiers fired into a crowd, killing five, at an anti-British protest in this city in 1770. ______
8. A 1773 import tax on this product was in part designed to revive the lagging fortunes of the British East India Company. ______
9—10. The 1774 legislation passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party, it closed the port of Boston and limited the powers of the Massachusetts Assembly. ______The name the legislation was known by in the Colonies. ______
11.What was the name of those colonists who supported the British Crown? ______
12—13. The first two skirmishes of the American Revolution took place in 1775 at these two Massachusetts villages. ______; ______
14. The first major military engagement of the American Revolution, the British captured their objective but at a cost of 1,000 casualties. ______
15.The name Americans gave to the some 30,000 mercenary German troops hired by the British forces. ______
16. After the first important Patriot victory, at Saratoga, this nation officially recognized American independence and established a military alliance with the Thirteen Colonies. ______
17.The British defeat here, where Lord Cornwallis had taken his tired troops in 1781 to await reinforcements after an arduous campaign through the South, was the culminating battle of the American Revolution. ______
1. The treaty of Paris of 1783 established this as the western boundary of the new United States of America. ______
2. The Massachusetts farmer and Revolutionary War veteran who led an uprising of indebted frontiersmen in 1786. ______
20—21. Delegates meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 devised a constitution that ultimately would replace this earlier constitution, the country’s first. ______As one of the numerous compromises reached at Philadelphia, slaves counted as what percentage of a person for purposes of representation. ______
22—23. The name of those who supported ratification of the Constitution. ______True or False: Those who supported ratification were more suspicious of centralized government than those who opposed it. _____
24. What are the first three words of the Constitution? ______
“THE CRUELEST TRADE,” (pp. 122-133)
WINDS OF REVOLUTION: TIMEFRAME AD 1700—1800
1. The number of African slaves transported across the Atlantic between the early sixteenth century until the 1880s. ______
2—6. Literally “land of the black men,” it was the name given by slavers to that part of Africa from which most slaves come – it extended southward 3,700 miles from the Senegal River through modern-day Angola. ______The four sections of this region, each named after its principal export. ______; ______; ______; ______
7. The name given to the voyage of slaves across the Atlantic. ______
8. The number of African slaves transported by Arab merchants to Islamic states on the Mediterranean and Red seas. ______
9. Traders from this nation had begun shipping slaves to the Caribbean and South America in 1505. ______
10. The development of this as a cash crop in the middle of the seventeenth century in the West Indies and Brazil influenced the expansion of slavery as a New World institution. ______
11. From the Arabic word for “caravan,” these were the long forced processions that transferred captured slaves from the African interior to the coast. ______
12. Introduced by the French in 1685, it outlawed the mutilation or execution of slaves except by the direction of the courts. ______
13. Inspired by the French Revolution itself, the rebel leader Toussaint-Louverture led a successful slave rebellion in this Caribbean French colony. ______
14. By the end of the eighteenth century, this European nation controlled half of the Atlantic slave trade. ______
15. This British abolitionist spent half a century attacking the slave trade – his efforts at least contributed to Parliament’s decision to end English participation in the slave trade in 1807. ______
16. Freetown was the capital of this African nation created for repatriated ex-slaves. ______
TRUE OR FALSE
17. The treatment of black Africans enslaved in their own societies was typically better than that of those who were transported across the Sahara by Arab and Berber traders. _____
18. Under Islamic law, a woman who was taken as a slave concubine could not be sold once she had given birth to a child by her master, and she became free upon her master’s death. _____
19. The local rulers of the African coast did all they could do to resist the European slave trade. _____
CHAPTER 5: “THE FRENCH REVOLUTION,” (pp. 135—167)
WINDS OF REVOLUTION: TIMEFRAME AD 1700—1800
1—2. Four counterfeiters, an aristocrat accused of debauchery, and two lunatics were all that were found when a Paris mob stormed this prison on July 13, 1789, but it nonetheless became one of the most important symbols of the French Revolution. ______This famous writer had been transferred from the fortress to another location only ten days before. ______