Reproductive and Endocrine Systems
Practice Exam 4
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University / Leader: / Chelsea P
Course: / AnS 214
Instructor: / Keating
Date: / 4/19/17

1.  Choose the false statement about oogenesis.

  1. Primary oocytes are stalled in prophase I until puberty.
  2. In humans, the secondary oocyte must complete meiosis II before it can be fertilized.
  3. In oogenesis, three polar bodies and one functional gamete are produced.
  4. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries.

2.  Which of the following is mismatched?

  1. Luteal phase: characterized by decreased progesterone levels
  2. Ovulation: secondary oocyte is released
  3. Ovarian cycle: monthly series of events associated with maturation of an egg
  4. Follicular phase: maturation of a primordial follicle to form a secondary oocyte

3.  The functional layer of the endometrium is shed in response to:

  1. Decreased estrogen levels.
  2. Increased estrogen levels.
  3. Decreased progesterone levels.
  4. Increased progesterone levels.

4.  The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that:

  1. The mature ovum is haploid and the sperm is 2n.
  2. Spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only.
  3. Two polar bodies are produced in spermatogenesis.
  4. One mature ovum is produced in oogenesis, and four mature sperm are produced in spermatogenesis.

5.  The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers:

  1. Uterine-lining secretion.
  2. Ovulation
  3. Menstruation
  4. Activation of primordial follicles.

6.  ______cells, located between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone.

  1. Interstitial
  2. Sustenacular
  3. Sertoli
  4. Follicle

7.  In which uterine phase does the functional layer of the endometrium start to rebuild?

  1. Secretory
  2. Proliferative
  3. Preovulatory
  4. Ovulation

8.  Which is the most correct sequence of sperm flow in the male duct system?

  1. Testes, ductus deferens, urethra, seminal vesicle
  2. Seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, ampulla, urethra
  3. Seminiferous tubules, prostatic urethra, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, ampulla
  4. Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct, urethra

9.  Sperm are produced in the:

  1. Spermatic cord
  2. Seminal vesicles
  3. Seminiferous tubules
  4. Epididymis

10.  Ovulation in a typical, or “average,” cycle usually occurs on day:

  1. 28
  2. 14
  3. 7
  4. 1

11.  What hormone is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics found in women?

  1. Estrogen
  2. FSH
  3. LH
  4. Progesterone

12.  If the testes are both removed before puberty, will secondary sex characteristics develop in the male?

  1. It is impossible to tell.
  2. Yes, they will develop, but the man will be sterile.
  3. No, they won’t develop and the man will be sterile.
  4. Yes, they will develop and the man can produce children.

13.  Meiosis in the female is completed:

  1. Before birth
  2. After birth
  3. At ovulation
  4. After fertilization

14.  Sperm complete the maturation process and are stored in the:

  1. Seminiferous tubules
  2. Epididymis
  3. Ductus deferens
  4. Rete testis

15.  Which phase of the uterine cycle ends with a rise in estrogen and ovulation?

  1. Proliferative phase
  2. Menstruation
  3. Secretory phase
  4. Premenstrual phase

16.  The site of fertilization:

  1. Uterus
  2. Cervix
  3. Ampullary-isthmus junction
  4. Vagina

17.  A way that the scrotum is kept cool:

  1. Cremaster muscle
  2. Tunica Dartos muscle
  3. Pampiniform plexus
  4. All of the above

18.  What is the hormone that is needed for puberty to be initiated?

  1. Estrogen
  2. GnRH
  3. Testosterone
  4. E2

19.  What are the possibilities that will inhibit cyclicity in animals?

  1. Visual encounter with offspring.
  2. Olfactory encounter with offspring.
  3. Auditory encounter with offspring.
  4. All of the above.

20.  What do the pinealocytes (located in the pineal gland) secrete in response to longer nights?

  1. LH
  2. FSH
  3. Melatonin
  4. GnRH

21.  Anestrus is a term used describe a time when there is no cyclicity (important to remember). When is there a time when there is anestrus?

  1. Pregnancy
  2. Lactation
  3. Presence of offspring
  4. All of the above

22.  What hormone is high when an animal is cycling?

  1. LH
  2. FSH
  3. Estrogen
  4. Testosterone.

23.  The term used to describe standing heat at day zero in the estrous cycle is called estrus? Is the underlined word spelled correctly?

  1. Yes
  2. No

24.  The recurring reproductive cycle in many female mammals that starts with one estrus (heat) to the next estrus (heat) and is 21 days long in the cow is called the estrous cycle. Is the underlined word spelled correctly?

  1. Yes
  2. No

25.  The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hypothalamic hormones and they are?

  1. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  2. Oxytocin and growth hormone (GH)
  3. GH and ADH
  4. GH and prolactin (PRL)

26.  The ability for a hormone to illicit a response on a cell requires the right:

  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Receptor
  4. Cytoplasm

27.  Thyroid hormone (TH) includes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which is more active?

  1. T3
  2. T4

28.  The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by:

  1. TH
  2. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  3. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  4. ADH

29.  ______decreases blood calcium levels and ______increases blood calcium levels.

  1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin
  2. Calcitonin, PTH
  3. GH, PRL
  4. PRL, GH

30.  The pancreas produces what two hormone that help regulate blood glucose levels?

  1. Insulin and GH
  2. GH and PRL
  3. Insulin and glucagon
  4. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

31.  The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by:

  1. TH
  2. FSH
  3. TSH
  4. ADH

32.  ______is a deficiency of blood calcium, and ______is a excess of blood calcium.

  1. Hypercalcemia, Hypocalcemia
  2. Hypercalcemia, Hypercalcemia
  3. Hypocalcemia, Hypercalcemia
  4. Hypocalcemia, Hypocalcemia

33.  The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of:

  1. Hormonal stimuli
  2. Humoral stimuli
  3. Hypothalamic stimuli
  4. Neural stimuli

34.  The stimulus for producing insulin is:

  1. High blood glucose concentration.
  2. Low blood glucose concentration.
  3. Low glycogen concentration.
  4. Low blood amino acid concentration.

35.  The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of:

  1. Amino acid-based hormones.
  2. Catecholamines.
  3. Steroid hormones.
  4. Pituitary gland hormones.

36.  Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?

  1. Copper
  2. Sulfur
  3. Iron
  4. Iodine

37.  Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone?

  1. Assertiveness
  2. Synergism
  3. Permissiveness
  4. Antagonism

38.  Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest:

  1. Activation time.
  2. Molecule.
  3. Chain of amino acids
  4. Half-life.

39.  Endocrine glands:

  1. Have ducts.
  2. Have no ducts
  3. Have extracellular effects
  4. Aid in food digestion

Essay Questions

Endocrine System

1.  Endocrine glands are ______. Their responses tend to act much ______than those of the nervous system. The endocrine system acts through chemical messengers in the blood or lymph called ______. Their effects can take place in the cell where they are produced called a(n) ______effect or they can have effects on cells other than the one that secreted them called a(n) ______effect. There are two classes of hormones ______and ______. Steroid hormones and TH circulate in the blood bound to ______while all other hormones circulate freely. Concentration in the blood is affected by the rate of ______and speed of ______. The amount of time it takes for half a hormone to be removed from the blood is called the ______. Hormones can be released in response to various stimuli. Changing levels of ions and nutrients in the blood classify one type of stimuli called _ stimuli. Ca+2 is regulated in this way. If Ca+2 levels get too high ______deposit calcium into the bone matrix. However, if Ca+2 levels are too low ______degrade the bone matrix to release calcium into the blood. An extremely low level of blood calcium in a lactating cow can cause ______. A second type of stimuli called ______stimuli is characterized by nerve fibers stimulating hormone release. When one hormone triggers the release of another hormone this is called a ______stimulus. The posterior pituitary stores the two hypothalamic hormones ______and ______. The anterior pituitary secretes the six hormones ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______. All of these are classified as ______. The hormone that can be regulated indirectly by IGFs is also regulated by ______and ______. ______stimulates the production of gonadal hormones, while ______stimulates gamete production. Both of these hormones are regulated by ______. Prolactin is regulated by ______also called prolactin-inhibiting hormone. ______stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. TSH regulates the normal function of the ______gland. This gland requires iodine or else it will swell causing a ______. It produces two hormones ______which is more active than ______. In the pancreas alpha cells secrete ______and beta cells secrete ______. Glucagon can cause the breakdown of ______to glucose called ______. It can also cause the synthesis of glucose called ______. Hypoactivity or hypersecreteion of ______can cause diabetes mellitus. Three symptoms of diabetes are ______, ______, and______. When one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone present that is called ______. ______is when more than one hormone produces the same effect on a target cell. Finally, when one hormone ______another, it is called an antagonist. The effectiveness of a hormone depends on ______, ______, and ______.

Reproductive System Male

2.  In the male reproductive system the ______produce sperm. They are contained inside a sac of skin called the ______. It can maintain a temperature lower than core body temperature through two mechanisms the ______and ______. Another mechanism for temperature regulation is a countercurrent heat exchanger called the ______. The three accessory sex glands in the male are the ______, ______, and ______. The combination of sperm and accessory sex gland fluid is ______. It contains ______from the seminal vesicles to help sperm reach the egg. Sertoli cells form the blood-testis-barrier, produce ______, ______, and ______, and absorb cast off from developing spermatozoa. ______cells produce androgens stimulated by the effect of the hormone ______. Due to androgen-binding protein from the sustenacular cells, there is an increase in ______in the testes. This leads to an increase in ______.

Reproductive System Female

3.  In the female reproductive system an oocyte begins with oogenesis in the ______. After maturing into a ______, the oocyte will be ______. From here it moves into the portion of the uterine tube called the ______. The oocyte then moves into the ______where fertilization can occur and finally into the ______. From the uterine tube it moves into the ______. If fertilization has occurred it will implant into the ______and continue developing. There are two distinct phases seen in the ovary. The phase before ovulation is the ______phase which includes the growth of the follicles. The second phase is the ______phase and includes activity of the CL. At the same time there are three distinct phases in the uterus. The first, which would occur if a female were not pregnant, is the ______phase. During this phase the ______is shed or resorbed. The next phase is the ______phase in which ______initiates the development of a new functional layer and increases receptors of ______in the endometrium. The last phase is the ______phase. During this phase the ______continues to develop in preparation for an embryo. Maternal recognition of pregnancy is caused by ______secreted from the blastocyte. During development in utero ______ducts form into the female reproductive tract due to a lack of ______. If androgens are present the ______ducts form into the male reproductive tract.

Estrous Cycle

4.  The first stage of the estrous cycle is ______or standing heat. During this stage ______levels are high which cause an ______surge. This leads to ______and formation of a CL. The next stage is ______. Estrogen levels start to decline, while ______levels are rising. If fertilization has occurred the embryo will move towards the ______. During ______progesterone levels are very high. If pregnant the ______will remain and produce progesterone. If not pregnant it will regress due to the action of ______. Finally, the female goes into ______and progesterone levels decrease. If the female stops cycling she is in ______.