Additional File 1. List of species sampled in this study with identification numbers and locality where the taxa were collected along with information which genes sequenced. Photos of vouchers can be viewed at

Species / ID / Source of specimen / COI / ND1 / wingless / EF1-α / GAPDH / RpS5
Outgroup taxa
Aglais io / NW63-16 / Sweden / AY248785 / AF412737 / AF412766 / AY248810 / FJ639521 / FJ639576
Aglais milberti / NW77-14 / Washington, USA / AY248787 / FJ639544 / AY248828 / AY248812 / FJ639523 / FJ639578
Aglais urticae / NW63-3 / Sweden / AY248786 / AF412753 / AF412777 / AY248811 / FJ639522 / FJ639577
Nymphalis antiopa / NW70-2 / Sweden / AY218246 / FJ639542 / AY218284 / AY218266 / FJ639524 / FJ639579
Nymphalis californica / NW74-14 / Oregon, USA / AY248789 / FJ639543 / AY248830 / AY248814 / FJ639525 / FJ639580
Nymphalis l-album / NW78-1 / British Columbia, Canada / AY248791 / FJ639545 / AY248832 / AY248816 / FJ639526 / FJ639581
Nymphalis polychloros / NW62-2 / Sweden / AY248788 / FJ639541 / AY248829 / AY248813 / EU141502 / EU141401
Nymphalis xanthomelas / NW84-1 / Yakutia, Russia / AY248790 / FJ639546 / AY248831 / AY248815 / FJ639527 / FJ639582
Ingroup taxa
Kaniska canace / EW19-10 / Japan / FJ639396 / - / - / - / -
Kaniska canace / EW19-11 / Japan / AY248792 / FJ639540 / AY248833 / AY248817 / FJ639528 / FJ639583
Kaniska canace / NW164-1 / Laos / FJ639397 / - / FJ639395 / FJ639493 / FJ639529 / FJ639584
Polygonia c-album kultukensis / EW13-1 / Buryatia Republic, Russia / FJ639398 / - / FJ639345 / X / FJ639499 / FJ639551
Polygonia c-album hamigera / EW13-3 / Primorskiy Krai, Russia / FJ639399 / - / FJ639350 / X / - / -
Polygonia c-album imperfecta / EW26-32 / Morocco / FJ639400 / - / - / X / - / -
Polygonia c-album c-album / NW70-3 / Sweden / AY090222 / FJ639533 / AY090154 / AY090188 / FJ639514 / FJ639569
Polygonia interposita / NW166-6 / Kirgisia / FJ639418 / - / FJ639394 / FJ639490 / FJ639511 / FJ639566
Polygonia c-aureum / EW13-10 / Primorskiy Krai, Russia / FJ639401 / - / FJ639346 / - / - / -
Polygonia c-aureum / EW13-12 / Amur Area, Russia / FJ639402 / - / FJ639347 / X / FJ639500 / FJ639552
Polygonia c-aureum / NW65-8 / Japan / AY248799 / AF412754 / AF412786 / AY248824 / FJ639513 / FJ639568
Polygonia comma / EW21-10 / North Carolina, USA / FJ639404 / - / FJ639370 / - / - / -
Polygonia comma / EW21-11 / North Carolina, USA / FJ639405 / - / FJ639371 / - / X / -
Polygonia comma / NW65-6 / Tennessee, USA / AY248794 / AF412732 / AF412781 / AY248819 / FJ639512 / FJ639567
Polygonia egea / NW63-1 / Greece / FJ639407 / - / - / FJ639492 / - / -
Polygonia egea / NW77-15 / Greece / AY248800 / FJ639539 / AY248838 / AY248825 / FJ639520 / FJ639575
Polygonia egea / NW120-7 / Iran / FJ639406 / - / FJ639390 / FJ639486 / FJ639507 / FJ639562
Polygonia undina / EW30-1 / Tadjikistan / FJ639452 / - / FJ639389 / FJ639485 / FJ639505 / FJ639560
Polygonia undina / EW33-24 / Uzbekistan / FJ639453 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia undina / EW43-1 / Kirgisia / FJ639454 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia undina / EW43-2 / Kirgisia / FJ639455 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia faunus rusticus / EW12-7 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639408 / - / FJ639343 / X / FJ639498 / FJ639550
Polygonia faunus hylas / EW19-1 / New Mexico, USA / FJ639409 / - / FJ639365 / X / X / FJ639553
Polygonia faunus silvius / EW21-12 / Quebec, Canada / FJ639410 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia faunus faunus / EW21-13 / Quebec, Canada / FJ639411 / - / FJ639372 / X / X / FJ639555
Polygonia faunus rusticus / NW74-12 / Oregon, USA / AY248798 / FJ639535 / AY248837 / AY248823 / FJ639516 / FJ639571
Polygonia g-argenteum / NW165-2 / Mexico / FJ639412 / - / FJ639392 / FJ639488 / FJ639509 / FJ639564
Polygonia gigantea / NW166-5 / China / FJ639413 / - / FJ639393 / FJ639489 / FJ639510 / FJ639565
Polygonia gracilis / EW21-14 / Quebec, Canada / FJ639414 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia gracilis / EW22-8 / New Hampshire, USA / FJ639415 / FJ639531 / FJ639383 / FJ639484 / FJ639503 / FJ639558
Polygonia gracilis / EW22-9 / Quebec, Canada / FJ639416 / - / FJ639384 / X / X / FJ639559
Polygonia zephyrus / EW10-9 / Wyoming, USA / FJ639462 / - / FJ639339 / - / FJ639496 / FJ639549
Polygonia zephyrus / EW10-10 / Wyoming, USA / FJ639457 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW10-11 / Wyoming, USA / FJ639458 / - / - / - / FJ639494 / FJ639547
Polygonia zephyrus / EW10-12 / Wyoming, USA / FJ639459 / - / FJ639338 / X / FJ639495 / FJ639548
Polygonia zephyrus / EW10-13 / Wyoming, USA / FJ639460 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW10-14 / Wyoming, USA / FJ639461 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW11-4 / Wyoming, USA / FJ639463 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW11-9 / Oregon, USA / FJ639464 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW14-10 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639465 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW14-11 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639466 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW14-12 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639467 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW14-14 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639468 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW14-15 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639469 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW15-1 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639470 / - / FJ639356 / X / X / X
Polygonia zephyrus / EW15-2 / Washington, USA / FJ639472 / - / FJ639358 / X / X / X
Polygonia zephyrus / EW15-3 / Washington, USA / X / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW15-4 / Washington, USA / FJ639473 / - / FJ639359 / X / X / X
Polygonia zephyrus / EW15-15 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639471 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW19-7 / Colorado, USA / FJ639456 / - / FJ639368 / - / - / FJ639554
Polygonia zephyrus / EW23-18 / Alberta, Canada / X / - / FJ639385 / X / FJ639504 / -
Polygonia zephyrus / EW23-19 / Alberta, Canada / X / - / - / - / - / X
Polygonia zephyrus / NW63-11 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639474 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / NW74-5 / Wyoming, USA / FJ639475 / FJ639536 / - / - / - / -
Polygonia zephyrus / NW74-6 / Wyoming, USA / AY248797 / - / AY248822 / AY248836 / FJ639517 / FJ639572
Polygonia haroldii / NW112-3 / Mexico / AY788662 / FJ639532 / AY788560 / AY788800 / FJ639506 / FJ639561
Polygonia haroldii / NW165-1 / Mexico / FJ639417 / - / FJ639391 / FJ639487 / FJ639508 / FJ639563
Polygonia interrogationis / EW22-12 / Tennessee, USA / FJ639419 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia interrogationis / EW22-14 / New Hampshire, USA / FJ639420 / - / FJ639379 / - / - / -
Polygonia interrogationis / NW77-12 / Tennessee, USA / AY248793 / FJ639538 / AY248834 / AY248818 / FJ639519 / FJ639574
Polygonia oreas silenus / EW14-7 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639421 / - / FJ639353 / FJ639477 / X / X
Polygonia oreas silenus / EW14-8 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639422 / - / FJ639354 / FJ639478 / X / X
Polygonia oreas silenuis / EW14-9 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639423 / - / FJ639355 / FJ639479 / X / X
Polygonia oreas silenus / NW74-10 / Oregon, USA / AY788663 / FJ639534 / AY788561 / AY788801 / FJ639515 / FJ639570
Polygonia oreas silenus / NW74-11 / Oregon, USA / FJ639424 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia progne / EW19-9 / Alberta, Canada / FJ639425 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia progne / EW21-1 / Quebec, Canada / - / - / - / FJ639480 / - / -
Polygonia progne / EW21-2 / New Hampshire, USA / FJ639426 / - / FJ639373 / FJ639481 / X / FJ639556
Polygonia progne / EW21-3 / Virginia, USA / AY248795 / FJ639530 / FJ639374 / FJ639482 / - / -
Polygonia progne / EW21-4 / Quebec, Canada / FJ639427 / - / FJ639375 / FJ639483 / FJ639502 / FJ639557
Polygonia progne / EW21-16 / Quebec, Canada / FJ639476 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia progne / EW22-15 / New Hampshire, USA / FJ639428 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia progne / EW22-16 / New Hampshire, USA / FJ639429 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia progne / EW22-17 / Quebec, Canada / FJ639430 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia progne / EW22-18 / Quebec, Canada / FJ639431 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia progne / EW22-19 / Quebec, Canada / FJ639432 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia progne / EW22-20 / New Hampshire, USA / FJ639433 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia progne / EW22-21 / New Hampshire, USA / FJ639434 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia progne / NW63-10 / Wisconsin, USA / FJ639435 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW11-10 / Idaho, USA / FJ639436 / - / FJ639340 / X / FJ639497 / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW11-11 / Oregon, USA / FJ639437 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW11-12 / Oregon, USA / FJ639438 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW15-9 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639445 / - / FJ639360 / X / FJ639501 / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW15-10 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639439 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW15-11 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639440 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW15-12 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639441 / - / FJ639357 / X / X / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW15-13 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639442 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW15-14 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639443 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW15-16 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639444 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW16-6 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639446 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW16-7 / British Columbia, Canada / FJ639447 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW23-13 / Alberta, Canada / FJ639448 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / EW23-14 / Alberta, Canada / FJ639449 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / NW65-9 / Washington, USA / FJ639450 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / NW74-8 / Oregon, USA / FJ639451 / - / - / - / - / -
Polygonia satyrus / NW74-9 / Oregon, USA / AY248796 / FJ639537 / AY248835 / AY248821 / FJ639518 / FJ639573