Supplementary Material: Detailed Profile Established for Each of the Target Species

Supplementary material: detailed profile established for each of the target species

Arnica montana L.

Family: Asteraceae

Conservation Status:

- Flanders(northern Belgium): EX

- Wallonia(southern Belgium): EN

- Germany: EN

- Luxembourg: CR B1a+2b(v); D1

- The Netherlands: rare; in serious decline

- Great Britain: absent

- International: IUCN red list (LC); HabitatsDirective (Annex 5); Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 (Annex D)

Ecology: Grazed heathland, Nardus grasslands, on siliceous oligotrophic soils (pH 4.5-6.0). This species can only grow in habitats that have not been fertilised for at least 60 years.

Ellenbergindices:

L: 9; T: 4; F: 5; R: 3; N: 2

Description:

- Rosette hemicryptophyte

- Perennial plant, 20-60 cm, erect stem, with little ramifications, shortly glandular-pubescent

- Leaves a bit firm, sessile, entire or with weak teeth, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, glabrescent, radical leaves disposed in a rosette, stem leaves opposite (one or two pairs)

- Flower heads large, 7-8 cm in diameter, solitary or by 3-4 quite in often ending opposite branches

- Flowers yellow-orange. Presence of nectar. Age at first flowering: 2-3 years (there is a relationship between the rosette diameter and the flowering the following year)

- Involucre with lance-shaped acute leaflets

- Akenes blackish-brown, 5.7 x 0.9 mm on average, pubescent with a pappus

- Phenology: flowering in June/July; fruiting in August/September; germinating in autumn or spring

- Reproductive system: allogamous, self-incompatible, requiring large populations to reproduce (> 500 individuals)

- Soil seed bank: transient

- Grime’s CSR strategy: S

- Dicliny: gynomonoecious

- Dichogamy: protandrous

- Aggregation level: sometimes forms very dense mats

- Clonality: lateral spread 0.01-0.25m/yr; a mature plant has several rosettes connected by rhizomes; clonal propagation predominant (due to the high sporophytic self-incompatibility of the species)

- Persistence: > 2 yrs

- No. of shoots/parent shoot/yr: <1

- Propagation: by seeds or rhizomes

- Seed dispersal capacity: 3 metres (wind dispersion is quite inefficient)

- Ploidy: diploid (2n = 36)

- Mycorrhizae: yes (arbuscular, e.g. Glomus)

Pollinators: Bees, Diptera (Syrphidae), Lepidoptera, Coleoptera

Host plant of the butterfly Acrolepia arnicella

Propagation:

Germination: These seeds germinate rapidly (within 7 days; 50–70% germination after 14 days). If germination does not occur, a cold period of 3 to 4 weeks is recommended. There is a positive correlation between seed weight and the likelihood of germination as well as between seed weight and the quality of seedlings.

Timing:

Best time to sow: November to March
From sowing to germination: 1 – 2 weeks
From germination to repotting: 4 – 8 weeks
From repotting to a transplantable plant: 6 – 10 weeks

Its propagation is notoriously difficult and seems to work only in greenhouses and under certain conditions. If planted in full ground, the plant is strongly attacked by insects, slugs and snails. It is beneficial to inoculate mycorrhizae in the growing soil. This promotes better growth and survival of cultivated plants and helps them settle into the environment where they will be transplanted.

Very sensitive in cultivation, prone to chlorosis: perhaps due to the lack of a mycorrhizal fungus required for its optimal nutrition or due to the use of alkaline water. Watering should be done with water at pH < 7 and from below (the leaves should not be wet)

Predators:

Often attacked by slugs, Tephritis arnicae, Melagromyza arnicarum, and Digitivalva arnicella.

Diseases: Oidium (without serious consequences), Entyloma arnicale

Distribution in southern Belgium (according to Saintenoy-Simon et al. 2006):

Adverse management methods: liming, ploughing, eutrophication (causing disappearance of mycorrhizae necessary for its development); abandonment of agro-pastoral practices (A. montana does not resist the competition of heathland-dominating chamaephytes such as Calluna vulgaris and Vaccinium myrtillus); soil acidification (SO2 and NH3 deposits).

References:

Aiello N, Scartezzini F, Vender C (2012) Cultivation trial of Arnica montana wild accessions—results of the second year. Acta Hort 955:253–257

Dueck TA, Elderson J (1992). Influence of NH3 and SO2 on the growth and competitive ability of Arnica montana L. and Viola canina L. New Phytol 122:507–514

Duwe VK, Ismail SA, Buser A, Sossai E, Borsch T, Muller LA (2015) Fourteen polymorphic microsatellite markers for the threatened Arnica montana (Asteraceae). Appl Plant Sci 3: apps.1400091

Ellenberg H, Weber HE, Düll R, Wirth V, Werner W (2001) Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Erich Goltze, Göttingen

Falniowski A, Bazos I, Hodálová I, Lansdown R, Petrova A (2011) Arnica montana. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org Accessed 07 September 2015

Fennema F (1992) SO2 and NH3 deposition as possible causes for the extinction of Arnica montana L. Water Air Soil Pollut 62:325–336

Fitter AH, Peat HJ (1994) The Ecological Flora Database, J Ecol 82:415-425. http://www.ecoflora.co.uk Accessed 07 September 2015

Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt T (1988) Comparative plant ecology: a functional approach to common British species. Unwin Hyman, London

Jurkiewicz, A, Ryszka, P, Anielska T, Waligórski P, Białońska D, Góralska K, Tsimilli-Michael M, Turnau K (2010) Optimization of culture conditions of Arnica montana L.: effects of mycorrhizal fungi and competing plants. Mycorrhiza 20:293-306

Kahmen S, Poschlod P (2000) Population size, plant performance, and genetic variation in the rare plant Arnica montana L. in the Rhön, Germany. Basic Appl Biol 1:43–51

Klimešová J, Klimeš L (2013) Clo-Pla3 – database of clonal growth of plants from Central Europe. http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz/ Accessed 07 September 2015

Klotz S, Kühn I, Durka W (2002) BIOLFLOR – Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenr. Vegetationsk 38:1-334

Knuth P (1908) Handbook of flower pollination, vol. 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford

Luijten SH, Dierick A, Oostermeijer JGB, Raijmann LE, den Nijs HCM (2000) Population size, genetic variation, and reproductive success in a rapidly declining, self-incompatible perennial (Arnica montana) in the Netherlands. Conserv Biol 14:1776-1787

Luijten SH, Kéry M, Oostermeijer JGB, den Nijs HCM (2002) Demographic consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding in Arnica montana: a field experiment. J Ecol 90:593-603

Luijten SH, Oostermeijer JGB, van Leeuwen NC, den Nijs HCM (1996). Reproductive success and clonal genetic structure of the rare Arnica montana (Compositae) in The Netherlands. Plant Syst Evol 201:15–30

Maurice T (2011) Genetic variability and biology of Arnica montana in fragmented populations under climatic change. PhD Thesis, University Paul Verlaine of Metz, France & National Museum of Natural History, Luxembourg

Radanović D, Marković T, Antic-Mladenović S, Pljevljakušić D, Ristić M, Krivokuća-Dokić D (2007) Yield and quality of Arnica (Arnica montana and Arnica chamissonis var. foliosa) cultivated in Serbia. In: Haban M, Otepka P (eds) Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific Conference on Medicinal, Aromatic and Spice Plants, Nitra, pp 157–161

Rameau JC,Mansion D,Dume G (1994) Flore forestière française Tome 2, Montagnes,Institut pour le Développement Forestier

Ryszka P, Błaszkowski J, Jurkiewicz A, Turnau K (2010) Arbuscular mycorrhiza of Arnica montana under field conditions-conventional and molecular studies. Mycorrhiza 20:551-557

Saintenoy-Simon J, Barbier Y, Delescaille L-M, Dufrêne M, Gathoye J-L, Verté P (2006) Première liste des espèces rares, menacées et protégées de la Région Wallonne (Ptéridophytes et Spermatophytes). Version 1 (7/3/2006). http://biodiversite.wallonie.be/fr/plantes-protegees-et-menacees.html?IDC=3076 Accessed 07 September 2015

Strykstra RJ, Bekker RM, Bakker JP (1998) Assessment of dispersule availability: its practical use in restoration management. Acta Bot Neerl 47:57-70

Strykstra RJ, Pegtel DM, Bergsma A (1998) Dispersal distance and achene quality of the rare anemochorous species Arnica montana L.: implications for conservation. Acta Bot Neerl 47:45–56

Sugier D (2008) Trials with Arnica montana and Arnica chamissonis var. foliosa cultivation in Poland. In Proceedings of the Scientific Papers of the 5th Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries (CMAPSEEC ’08), Brno, pp 21–27

Sugier D, Sugier P, Gawlik-Dziki U (2013) Propagation and introduction of Arnica montana L. into cultivation: a step to reduce the pressure on endangered and high-valued medicinal plant species. The Scientific World Journal, Article ID 414363, 11 pages, doi: 10.1155/2013/414363

Thompson K, Bakker JP, Bekker RM (1997) Soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

van den Berg L J L, Vergeer P, Roelofs JGM (2003) Heathland restoration in The Netherlands: effects of turf cutting depth on germination of Arnica montana. Appl Veg Sci 6:117–124

Vergeer P, van den Berg LJL, Baar J, Ouborg NJ, Roelofs JGM (2006) The effect of turf cutting on plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal spore recolonisation: implications for heathland restoration. Biol Conserv 129:226–235

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnica_des_montagnes#Culture

http://www.tela-botanica.org/page:eflore_bdtfx?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=6646&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=arnica%20montana

http://biodiversite.wallonie.be/fr/liste-des-taxons.html?IDD=1755&IDC=3076

http://www.plant-world-seeds.com

https://www.jelitto.com

http://www.floraweb.de/pflanzenarten/artenhome.xsql?suchnr=585&

http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/hostplants/search/index.dsml

http://flora.inbo.be/Pages/Taxon/TaxonIdentificationPage.aspx

Campanula glomerata L.

Family: Campanulaceae

Conservation Status:

- Flanders (northern Belgium): absent

- Wallonia (southern Belgium): CR

- Germany: not threatened

- Luxembourg: EN B1a+2b(iv)

- The Netherlands: very rare; in serious decline

- Great Britain: LC

Ecology: Calcareous grasslands

Ellenbergindices:

L: 7; T: indifferent; F: 4; R: 7; N: 3

Description:

- Hémicryptophyte. Average life time: 25 to 30 years

- Perennial plant, 10-50 cm, hairy or glabrescent, with a slender but hard root

- Stems full, leafy and fairly slender

- Lower leaves oval, oblong or lanceolate, rounded or cordate at base, petiolate, crenate, pubescent. Rosette present only at juvenile and senile stages

- Blue flowers, sessile, in terminal and lateral heads surrounded by broad leafy bracts. Age at first flowering: 2-5 years. Presence of nectar

- Hairy calyx with lanceolate-acute lobes, equaling the middle of the corolla, the latter of 2 cm or more, hairy, divided up to a third

- Capsule erect. Seeds shiny, dark brown, 1.2 x 0.8 mm on average. Seed production: 10-100 per flower; 1000 to 10000 per plant

- Phenology: flowering in June/July; fruiting inJuly/August; germinating in spring

- Reproductive system: allogamous, self-incompatible

- Soil seed bank:transient; maybe persistent more than 1 yr

- Grime’s CSR strategy: S

- Dicliny: hermaphrodite

- Dichogamy: strongly protandrous

- Aggregation level: grows in aggregates of a few individuals

- Clonality: lateral spread 0.01-0.25m/yr

- Persistence: > 2 yrs

- No. of shoots/parent shoot/yr: 1

- Propagation: by seeds or rhizomes (making differentiation between individuals quite difficult)

- Seed dispersal capacity: weak (1.5 m at a wind velocity of 10 m/s)

- Ploidy: diploid or tetraploid (2n = 30)

- Mycorrhizae: no

Pollinators:

5 bees: Andrena curvungula, Apis mellifica, Ceratina coerula, Coelioxys quadridentata, Heriades campanularum

Host plant of 3 butterflies: Eupithecia centaureata, Eupithecia denotata, Amphipyra tragopoginis

Propagation:

Germination: Germinates relatively quickly; potting soil must be kept constantly humid (but not wet) at a temperature of about 20°C. Seeds must not be covered but simply pressed onto the substrate. Keep cool after germination.

Timing:
Best time to sow: winter or early spring (to break the dormancy)
From sowing to germination: 2 - 3 weeks
From germination to repotting: 4 - 8 weeks
From repotting to a transplantable plant: 6 - 10 weeks

Predators: some molluscs like Cepaea spp., Helix aspersa and Derocerus reticulatum

Distribution in southern Belgium (according to Saintenoy-Simon et al. 2006):

Adverse management methods: this species does not tolerate competition from surrounding plants. The abandonment of agro-pastoral practices is unfavorable. It is also very sensitive to eutrophication.

References:

Bachmann U, Hensen I (2006) Are population sizes of Campanula glomerata on the decline following the abandonment of traditional land-use practices? Feddes Repert 117:164-171

Bachmann U, Hensen I (2007) Is declining Campanula glomerata threatened by genetic factors? Plant Species Biol 22:1-10

Bachmann U, Hensen I, Partzsch M (2005) Is Campanula glomerata threatened by competition of expanding grasses? Plant Ecol 180:257-265

Ellenberg H, Weber HE, Düll R, Wirth V, Werner W (2001) Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Erich Goltze, Göttingen

Fitter AH, Peat HJ (1994) The Ecological Flora Database, J Ecol 82:415-425. http://www.ecoflora.co.uk Accessed 07 September 2015

Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt T (1988) Comparative plant ecology: a functional approach to common British species. Unwin Hyman, London

Klimešová J, Klimeš L (2013) Clo-Pla3 – database of clonal growth of plants from Central Europe. http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz/ Accessed 07 September 2015

Klotz S, Kühn I, Durka W (2002) BIOLFLOR – Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenr. Vegetationsk 38:1-334

Knuth P (1908) Handbook of flower pollination, vol. 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford

Partzsch M, Bachmann U (2011) Is Campanula glomerata threatened by competition from expanding grasses? Results from a 5-year pot-experiment. Plant Ecol 212:251-261

http://www.plant-world-seeds.com

https://www.jelitto.com

http://www.tela-botanica.org/page:eflore_bdtfx?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=12462&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=campanula%20glomerata

http://biodiversite.wallonie.be/fr/liste-des-taxons.html?IDD=1755&IDC=3076

http://www.floraweb.de/pflanzenarten/artenhome.xsql?suchnr=1042&

http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/hostplants/search/index.dsml

Dianthus deltoides L.

Family: Caryophyllaceae

Conservation Status:

- Flanders: very rare

- Wallonia: CR

- Germany: not threatened

- Luxembourg: EN B1a+2b(iv,v)

- The Netherlands: quite rare; moderately decreasing

- Great Britain: NT

Ecology: Open grasslands on acid sands or calcareous draining, nutrient-poor schists.

Ellenberg indices:

L: 8; T: 5; F: 3; R: 3; N: 2

Description:

- Herbaceous chamaephyte or hemicryptophyte

- Perennial, pubescent

- Stems 10-30 cm, ascending, puberulent, round section, with many branches

- Leaves soft, flat, largely linear, the lower ones short and obtuse

- Flowers small, red, closed at night, with a purple circle around the center, in dichotomous panicle; flower lifetime: 2-4 days; presence of nectar

- Epicalyx scales lanceolate, with a long and tenuous tip reaching the middle of the calyx

- Calyx narrow, striated in all its length, pubescent, with awl-shaped teeth

- Petals narrow, non-contiguous, hairy, toothed

- Cylindrical capsules. Seeds shield-formed, blackish-brown, 1.4 x 0.9 mm on average. Seed production averaging 88 per plant

- Phenology: flowering from June to September; fruitingfrom August to October; germinating in spring

- Reproductive system: facultative allogamous, self-compatible

- Soil seed bank: transient

- Grime’s CSR strategy: S/CSR

- Dicliny: hermaphrodite or gynodioecious (anthers are appearing first during 2 days, and then the pistil is present for 1.5 day)

- Dichogamy: protandrous

- Aggregation level: forming a loose turf

- Clonality: lateral spread 0.01-0.25m/yr, no rosette

- Persistence: > 2yrs

- No. of shoots/parent shoot/yr: 2-10

- Propagation: only by seed, wind dispersal (swaying stems) or by sheep

- Seed dispersal capacity: short distance

- Ploidy: diploid (2n = 30)

- Mycorrhizae: no