Neurobiology of suicide: do biomarkers exist?
ONLINE SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
List of additional references
S1. United Nations (2009) World Population prospects: the 2008 revision, Vol. 1, Comprehensive tables and United Nations, Highlights. Popul Dev Rev 36:854-855
S2. WHO. World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health organization, 2002
S3. O’Carroll PW, Berman AL, Maris RW, Moscicki EK, Tanney BL, Silverman MM (1996) Beyond the Tower of Babel: a nomenclature for suicidology. Suicide Life Threat Behav 26:237-252
S4. Malafosse A (2005) Genetics of suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 133C:1-2
S5. Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, Bunney WE (Eds) (2002) Reducing suicide: a national imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press
S6. Stanistreet D, Taylor S, Jeffrey V, Gabbay M (2001) Accident or suicide? Predictors of coroners’ decisions in suicide and accident verdicts. Med Sci Law 41:111-115
S7. Parai JL, Kreiger N, Tomlinson G, Adlaf EM (2006) The validity of the certification of manner of death by Ontario coroners. Ann Epidemiol 16:805-811
S8. Lu TH, Sun SM, huang SM, Lin JJ (2006) Mind your manners: quality of manner of death certification among medical examiners and coroners in Taiwan. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 27:352-354
S9. Värnik P, Sisask M, Värnik A, Laido Z, Meise U, Ibelshäuser A, Van Audenhove C, Reynders A, Kocalevent RD, Kopp M, Dosa A, Arensman E, Coffey C, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, Gusmão R, Hegerl U (2010) Suicide registration in eight European countries: a quantitative analysis of procedures and practices. Forensic Sci Int 10:86-92
S10. Qin P, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB (2002) Suicide risk in relation to family history of completed suicide and psychiatric disorders: a nested case-control study based on longitudinal registers. Lancet 360:1126-1130
S11. McGirr A, Alda M, Séguin M, Cabot S, Lesage A, Turecki G (2009) Familial aggregation of suicide explained by cluster B traits: a three-group family study of suicide controlling for major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 166:1124-1134
S12. Angst J, Degonda M, Ernst C (1992) The Zurich Study: XV. Suicide attempts in a cohort from age 20 to 30. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 242:135-141
S13. Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Chapman DP, Williamson DF, Giles WH (2001) Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the adverse childhood experiences study. JAMA 286:3089-3096
S14. Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ (2008) Exposure to childhood sexual and physical abuse and adjustment in early adulthood. Child Abuse Negl 32:607-619
S15. Mann JJ, Apter A, Bertolote J, Beautrais A, Currier D, Haas A, Hegerl U, Lonnqvist J, Malone K, Marusic A, Mehlum L, Patton G, Phillips M, Rutz W, Rihmer Z, Schmidtke A, Shaffer D, Silverman M, Takahashi Y, Varnik A, Wasserman D, Yip P, Hendin H (2005) Suicide prevention strategies. JAMA 294:2064-2074
S16. Agerbo E, Gunnell D, Bonde JP, Mortensen PB, Nordentoft M (2007) Suicide and occupation: the impact of socio-economic, demographic and psychiatric differences. Psycho Med 37:1131-1140
S17. Li Z, Page A, Martin G, Taylor R (2011) Attributable risk of psychiatric and socio-economic factors for suicide from individual-level, population-based studies: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med 72:608-616
S18. Schneider B, Grebner K, Schnabel A, Hampel H, Georgi K, Seidler A (2011) Impact of employment status and work-related factors on risk of completed suicide. A case-control psychological autopsy study. Psychiatry Res 190:265-270
S19. Maris RW, Berman AL, Silverman MM (2000) Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidology. New York, Guilford Pr: 26-61
S20. Mann JJ, Waternaux C, Haas GL, Malone KM (1999) Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients. Am J Psychiatry 156:181-189
S21. Mann JJ (2002) A current perspective of suicide and attempted suicide. Ann Intern Med 136:302-311
S22. Brent DA, Mann JJ (2005) Family genetic studies, suicide, and suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 133C:13-24
S23. Sibille E, Arango V, Galfalvy HC, Pavlidis P, Erraji-Benchekroun L, Ellis SP, Mann JJ (2004) Gene expression profiling of depression and suicide in human prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmachology 29:351-361
S24. Gwadry F, Sequeira A, Hoke G, ffrench-Mullen JMH, Turecki G (2005) Molecular characterization of suicide by microarray analysis. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C (Semin Med Genet) 133C:48-56
S25. Sequeira A, Klempan T, Canetti L, ffrench-Mullen J, Benkelfalt C, Rouleau GA, Turecki G (2007) Patterns of gene expression in the limbic system of suicides with and without major depression. Mol Psychiatry 12:640-655
S26. Sequeira A, Mamdani F, Ernst C, Vaeter MP, Bunney WE, Lebel V, Rehal S, Klempan T, Gratton A, Benkelfat C, Rouleau GA, Naguib M, Turecki G (2009) Global brain gene expression analysis links glutamatergic and GABAergic alterations to suicide and major depression. PLoS ONE;4:e6585
S27. Klempan TA, Rujescu D, Mérette C, Himmelman C, Sequeira A, Canetti L, Fiori LM, Schneider B, Bureau A, Turecki G (2009) Profiling brain expression of the spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1) gene in suicide. Am J Med Genet part B 150B:934-94
S28. Galfalvy H, Zalsman G, Huang Y-Y, Murphy L, Rosoklija G, Dwork AJ, Haghighi F, Arango V, Mann JJ (2011) A pilot genome wide association and gene expression array study of suicide with and without major depression. World J Biol Psychiatry. doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.597875
S29. Smalheiser NR, Lugli G, Rizavi HS, Torvik VI, Turecki G, Dwivedi Y (2012) MicroRNA expression is down-regulated and reorganized in prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide subjects. PLoS ONE 3, e33201. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033201
S30. Griffiths AJF, Wessler SR, Carroll SB, Doebley J (2012) Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, tenth edition
S31. Stanley M, Mann JJ (1983) Increased serotonin-2 binding sites in frontal cortex of suicide victims. Lancet 1:214-216
S32. Arango V, Underwood MD, Gubbi AV, Mann JJ (1995) Localized alterations in pre- and post- synaptic serotonin binding sites in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex of suicide victims. Brain Res 688:121-133
S33. Mann JJ, HuangYY, Underwood MD, Kassir SA, Oppenheim S, Kelly TM, Dwork AJ, Arango V (2000) A serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphysm (5-HTTLPR) and prefrontal cortical binding in major depression and suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:729-738
S34. Asberg M, Traskman L, Thoren P (1979) 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid: a biochemical suicide predictor? Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:1193-119
S35. Malone KM, Corbitt EM, Li S, Mann JJ (1996) Prolactin response to fenfluramine and suicide attempt lethality in major depression. Br J Psychiatry 168:324-329
S36. Turecki G, Zhn Z, Tzenva J, Lesage A, Séguin M, Tousignant M, Chawky N, Vanier C, Lipp O, Alda M, Joober R, Benkelfat C, Rouleau GA (2001) TPH and suicidal behavior: a study in suicide completers. Mol Psychiatry 6:98-102
S37. Arango V, Yung-yu H, Underwood M D, Mann JJ (2003) Genetics of the serotoninergic system in suicidal behavior. Journal of Psychiatric Research 37:375-386
S38. Zill P, Büttner A, Eisenmenger W, Bondy B, Ackenheil M (2004) Regional mRNA expression of a second tryptophan hydroxilase isoform in postmortem tissue samples of two human brains. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 14:282-284
S39. Ono H, Shirakawa O, Kitamura N, HashimotoT, Nishiguchi N, Nishimura A, Nushida H, Ueno Y, Maeda K (2002) Tryptophan hydroxylase immunoreactivity is altered by genetic variation in post-mortem brain samples of both suicide victims and controls. Mol Psychiatry 7:1127-1132
S40. Boldrini M, Underwood MD, Mann JJ, Arango V (2005) More tryptophan hydroxylase in the brainstem dorsal raphe nucleus in depressed suicides. Brain Res 1041:19-28
S41. Bach-Mizrachi H, Underwood MD, Tin A, Ellis SP, Mann JJ, Arango V (2008) Elevated expression of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 mRNA at the neuronal level in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of depressed suicides. Mol Psychiatry 13:507-513
S42. Zill P, Büttner A, Eisenmenger W, Möller HJ, Bondy B, Ackenheil M (2004) Single nucleotide polymorphism and haplotype analysis of a novel tryptophan hydroxylase isoform (TPH2) gene in suicide victims. Biol Psychiatry 56:581-6
S43. Bach-Mizrachi H, Underwood MD, Kassir SA, Bakalian MJ, Sibille E, Tamir H, Mann JJ, Arango V (2006) Neuronal tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA expression in the human dorsal and median raphe nuclei: major depression and suicide. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:814-24
S44. De Luca V, Likhodi O, Van Tol HH, Kennedy JL, Wong AH (2006) Gene expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 in post-mortem brain of suicide subjects. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 9:21-5
S45. Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ, Greenberg BD, Petri S, Benjamin J, Müller CR, Hamer DH, Murphy DL (1996) Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 274:1527-31
S46. Preuss UW, Soyka M, Bahlmann M, Wenzel K, Behrens S, de Jonge S, Krüger M, Bondy B (2000) Serotonin transporter gene regulatory region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), [3H]paroxetine binding in healthy control subjects and alcohol-dependent patients and their relationships to impulsivity. Psychiatry Res 96:51-61
S47. Courtet P, Baud P, Abbar M, Boulenger JP, Castelnau D, Mouthon D, Malafosse A, Buresi C (2001) Association between violent suicidal behavior and the low activity allele of the serotonin transporter gene. Mol Psychiatry 6:338-341
S48. Bellivier F, Szöke A, Henry C, Lacoste J, Bottos C, Nosten-Bertrand M, Hardy P, Rouillon F, Launay JM, Laplanche JL, Leboyer M (2000) Possible association between serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and violent suicidal behavior in mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 48:319-322
S49. Courtet P, Buresi C, Abbar M, Baud P, Boulenger JP, Castelnau D, Mouthon D, Malafosse A (2003) No association between non-violent suicidal behavior and the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 116B:72-76
S50. Anguelova M, Benkelfat C, Turecki G (2003) A systematic review of association studies investigating genes coding for serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter: I Affective disorders. Mol Psychiatry 8:574-591
S51. Li D, He L (2007) Meta-analysis supports association between serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and suicidal behavior. Mol Psychiatry 12:47-54
S52. Turecki G, Brière R, Dewar K, Antonetti T, Lesage AD, Séguin M, Chawky N, Vanier C, Alda M, Joober R, Benkelfat C, Rouleau GA (1999) Prediction of level of serotonin 2A receptor binding by serotonin receptor 2A genetic variation in postmortem brain samples from subjects who did or did not commit suicide. Am J Psychiatry 156:1456-1458
S53. Oquendo MA, Russo SA, Underwood MD, Kassir SA, Ellis SP, Mann JJ, Arango V (2006) Higher postmortem prefrontal 5-HT2A receptor binding correlates with lifetime aggression in suicide. Biol Psychiatry 59:235-243
S54. Alda M, Hrdina PD (2000) Distribution of platelet 5-HT(2A) receptor densities in suicidal and non-suicidal depressives and control subjects. Psychiatry Res 94:273-277
S55. Arias B, Gastó C, Catalán R, Gutiérrez B, Pintor L, Fañanás L (2001) The 5-HT(2A) receptor gene 102T/C polymorphism is associated with suicidal behavior in depressed patients. Am J Med Genet 105:801-804
S56. Ono H, Shirakawa O, Nishiguchi N, Nishimura A, Nushida H, Ueno Y, Maeda K (2001) Serotonin 2A receptor gene polymorphism is not associated with completed suicide. Psychiatr Res 35:173-176
S57. Khait VD, Huang YY, Zalsman G, Oquendo MA, Brent DA, Harkavy-Friedman JM, Mann JJ (2005) Association of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor binding and the T102C polymorphism in depressed and healthy Caucasian subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:166-172
S58. Pandey GN (2011) Neurobiology of adult and teenage suicide. Asian J Psychiatr 4:2-13
S59. Bondy B, Kuznik J, Baghai T, Schüle C, Zwanzger P, Minov C, de Jonge S, Rupprecht R, Meyer H, Engel RR, Eisenmenger W, Ackenheil M (2000) Lack of association of serotonin-2A receptor gene polymorphism (T102C) with suicidal ideation and suicide. Am J Med Genet 96:831-835
S60. Rujescu D, Giegling I, Sato T, Möller HJ (2003) Lack of association between serotonin 5-HT1B receptor gene polymorphism and suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 116B:69-71
S61. Turecki G, Sequeira A, Gingras Y, Séguin M, Lesage A, Tousignant M, Chawky N, Vanier C, Lipp O, Benkelfat C, Rouleau GA (2003) Suicide and serotonin: study of variation at seven serotonin receptor genes in suicide completers. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatric Genet 118B:36-40
S62. Choudary PV Molnar M, Evans SJ, Tomita H, Li JZ, Vawter MP, Myers RM, Bunney WE Jr, Akil H, Watson SJ, Jones EG (2005) Altered cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic signal transmission with glial involvement in depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:15653-15658
S63. Kim S, Choi KH, Baykiz AF, Gershenfeld HK (2007) Suicide candidate genes associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: an explanatory gene expression profiling analysis of post-mortem prefrontal cortex. BMC Genom 8:413-416
S64. Noga JT, Hyde TM, Herman MM, Spurney CF, Bigelow LB, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE (1997) Glutamate receptors in the postmortem striatum of schizophrenic, suicide and control brains. Synapse 27:168-176
S65. Valdizán EM, Díez-Alarcia R, González-Maeso J, Pilar-Cuéllar F, García-Sevilla JA, Meana JJ, Pazos A (2010) α2-adrenoceptor functionality in postmortem frontal cortex of depressed suicide victims. Biol Psychiatry 68:869-872
S66. Allard P, Norlen M (2001). Caudate nucleus dopamine D(2) receptors in depressed suicide victims. Neuropsychobiology 44:70-73
S67. Gonzalez-Maeso J, Rodriguez-Puertas R, Meana JJ, Garcia-Sevilla JA, Guimon J (2002) Neurotransmitter receptors-mediated activation of G-proteins in brains of suicide victims with mood disorders: selective supersensitivity of alpha(2A)adrenoreceptors. Mol Psychiatry 7:755-767
S68. Gross-Isseroff R, Dillon KA, Israeli M, Biegon A (1990) Regionally selective increases in mu opioid receptor density in the brains of suicide victims. Brain Res 530: 312-316
S69. Gabilondo AM, Meana JJ, Garcia-Sevilla JA (1995) Increased density of mu-opioid receptors in the postmortem brain of suicide victims. Brain Res 682:245-250
S70. Currier D, Mann JJ (2008) Stress, genes and the biology of suicidal behavior. Psychiatr Clin North Am 31:247-269
S71. Jokinen J, Nordström AL, Nordström P (2008) ROC analysis of dexamethasone suppression test threshold in suicide prediction after attempted suicide. J Affect Disord 106:145-152
S72. Jokinen J, Nordström AL, Nordström P (2009) CSF 5-HIAA and DST non-suppression – Orthogonal biologic risk factors for suicide in male mood disorder inpatients. Psychiatry Res 165:96-110
S73. Raadsheer FC, Hoogendijk WJ, Stam FC, Tilders FJ, Swaab DF (1994) Increased numbers of corticotrophin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology 60:436-444
S74. Wang SS, Kamphuis W, Huitinga I, Zhou JN, Swaab DF (2008) Gene expression analysis in the human hypothalamus in depression by laser microdissection and real-time PCR: the presence of multiple receptor imbalances. Mol Psychiatry 13:786-799