Hoysala Academy (R.)

HoysalaCollege of

Management & IT Studies

Balaraj Urs Road, Shivamogga -577201

Ph:08182-229094

E-mail :

Mission

To impart sound and rational education in commerce and business management

To open one’s third eye “JNANA CHAKSHU”, the eye of wisdom, Vision Insight and foresight

To produce congenial personalities that can work both as leader and team member.

To produce good fearing men already to go forth into the work to fight the battle of life by means manly, Moral and well regulated Course of conduct.

CHAPTER -1

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1.1English Tenses

tense / Affirmative/Negative/Question / Use / Signal Words
Simple Present / A:He speaks.
N:He does not speak.
Q:Does he speak? /
  • action in the present taking place once, never or several times
  • facts
  • actions taking place one after another
  • action set by a timetable or schedule
/ always, every…, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually
if sentences type I (If I talk,…)
Present Progressive / A: He is speaking.
N:He is not speaking.
Q:Is he speaking? /
  • action taking place in the moment of speaking
  • action taking place only for a limited period of time
action arranged for the future / at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now
Simple Past / A: He spoke.
N: He did not speak.
Q: Did he speak? /
  • action in the past taking place once, never or several times
  • actions taking place one after another
  • action taking place in the middle of another action
/ yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday
if sentence type II (If I talked,…)
Past Progressive / A: He was speaking.
N: He was not speaking.
Q: Was he speaking? /
  • action going on at a certain time in the past
  • actions taking place at the same time
  • action in the past that is interrupted by another action
/ when, while, as long as
Present Perfect Simple / A: He has spoken.
N: He has not spoken.
Q: Has he spoken? /
  • putting emphasis on the result
  • action that is still going on
  • action that stopped recently
  • finished action that has an influence on the present
  • action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
/ already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Present Perfect Progressive / A: He has been speaking.
N: He has not been speaking.
Q: Has he been speaking? /
  • putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result)
  • action that recently stopped or is still going on
  • finished action that influenced the present
/ all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week
Past Perfect Simple / A: He had spoken.
N: He had not spoken.
Q: Had he spoken? /
  • action taking place before a certain time in the past
  • sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive
  • putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration)
/ already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day
if sentence type III (If I had talked,…)
Past Perfect Progressive / A: He had been speaking.
N: He had not been speaking.
Q: Had he been speaking? /
  • action taking place before a certain time in the past
  • sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple
  • putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action
/ for, since, the whole day, all day
Future I Simple / A: He will speak.
N: He will not speak.
Q: Will he speak? /
  • action in the future that cannot be influenced
  • spontaneous decision
  • assumption with regard to the future
/ in a year, next…, tomorrow
If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.)
assumption: I think, probably, we might…, perhaps
Future I Simple
(going to) / A: He is going to speak.
N: He is not going to speak.
Q: Is he going to speak? /
  • decision made for the future
  • conclusion with regard to the future
/ in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future I Progressive / A: He will be speaking.
N: He will not be speaking.
Q: Will he be speaking? /
  • action that is going on at a certain time in the future
  • action that is sure to happen in the near future
/ in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future II Simple / A: He will have spoken.
N: He will not have spoken.
Q: Will he have spoken? /
  • action that will be finished at a certain time in the future
/ by Monday, in a week
Future II Progressive / A: He will have been speaking.
N: He will not have been speaking.
Q: Will he have been speaking? /
  • action taking place before a certain time in the future
  • putting emphasis on the course of an action
/ for…, the last couple of hours, all day long

1.2Commas in English

The main rule for the use of commas in English is: Keep your sentences clear. Too many commas might be distracting; too few might make the text difficult to read and understand.

Always check your texts on readability. This requires some practice, however, as first you must know which commas are necessary and which are optional.

The following contains explanations on English comma rules.

1.2.1 Commas with Conditional Sentences

Use a comma if the if clause is at the beginning of the sentence.

Example: If I go to London, I will visit the Tower.

Don’t use a comma if the if clause is at the end of the sentence.

Example: I will visit the Tower if I go to London.

1.2.2Commas between Main Clauses

Use a comma between two main clauses which are separated by and or but.

Example: We ran out of fuel, and the nearest petrol station was 5 miles away.

Use a comma to separate parts of a sentences in a sequence.

Example: She ran down the stairs, opened the door, saw her boyfriend(,) and gave him a kiss.

Don’t use a comma if these parts of the sentence are separated by and or but.

Example: She ran down the stairs and opened the door and saw her boyfriend and gave him a kiss.

Note: Don’t use a Comma,but a semicolon, if two main clauses are not separated by and or but.

1.2.3 Commas with Direct Speech

Use a comma after the introductory clause.

Example: She said, “I was in London last year.”

If the direct speech is at the beginning of the sentence, put the comma before the final quotation mark. (Don’t use a full stop here.)

Example: “I was in London last year,” she said.

Don’t use a comma after direct speech if the direct speech ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.

Example:
“Were you in London last year?” he asked. (but: He asked, “Were you in London last year?”)
“Great!” she replied. (but: She replied, “Great!”)

1.2.4 Commas as Means of Readability

Commas help to keep the structure of the sentence clear so that the text is easy to read and understand. A text is well structured if the reader knows where to pause.

1. Hang him, not leave him.

2. Hang him not, leave him

Note : If Commas are misplaced, it changes the meaning of the sentence.

In the above sentence

The first sentence says to hang him and not to leave him. Using comma after not, it changes the meaning and says not to hang him leave him.

1.3 Synonyms

Synonyms are different words (or sometimes phrases) with identical or very similar meanings. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy. The words car and automobile are synonyms. Similarly, if we talk about a long time or an extended time, long and extended become synonyms. In the figurative sense, two words are often said to be synonymous if they have the same connotation:

Synonyms can be any part of speech (e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs or prepositions), as long as both members of the pair are the same part of speech. More examples of English synonyms are:

  • student and pupil (noun)
  • petty crime and misdemeanor (noun)
  • buy and purchase (verb)
  • sick and ill (adjective)
  • quickly and speedily (adverb)
  • on and upon (preposition)

Note that synonyms are defined with respect to certain senses of words; for instance, pupil as the "aperture in the iris of the eye" is not synonymous with student. Similarly, he expired means the same as he died, yet my passport has expired cannot be replaced by my passport has died.

1.4 Examples of Synonyms

Word / Synonym
A
about / approximately
abstract / summary
to accomplish / to achieve
to accumulate / to build up
to administer / to manage
to admit / to confess
almost / nearly
animated / lively
to annoy / to irritate, to bother
to answer / to reply
anyway / besides
apparent / obvious
to appear / to seem
applicable / relevant
appreciable / considerable
ardour / passion
arise / occur
aromatic / fragrant
to arrive / to reach
artful / crafty
association / organization
to assure / to guarantee
attractive / appealing
away / absent
awful / terrible
B
backbone / spine
backside / behind, bottom
bad (not good) / poor, naughty
ballot / poll
to bear on / to affect
to beat / to defeat
becoming / fitting
to begin / to start
to behave / to act
believable / plausible
belly / stomach
bendy / flexible
beneficent / generous
beneficial / favourable
bid / tender
bizarre / weird
blameless / innocent
bloodbath / massacre
bloodless / cold
branch / department
brave / courageous
to bring back / to reintroduce
to bring on / to cause
to bring up / to raise
brow / forehead
bum / backside, behind, bottom
business / commerce, trade
busy (telephone) / engaged
C
candy / sweet
to categorize / to classify
charter / constitution
cheesy / corny, tacky
chiefly / mainly
choosy / picky
to chop / to cut
chorus / refrain
citation / quotation
to cite / to quote
class / lesson, course
clerk / receptionist
clever / intelligent
to close / to shut
coiffure / hairstyle
to collapse / to break down
to collect / to gather
comfort / consolation
comic / comedian
commencement / graduation
complete / total
completely / totally
concord / harmony
to condemn / to sentence
confederate / accomplice
to confine / to restrict
conflict / clash
to conform / to comply
to confuse / to mix up
to connect / to associate, to put through (telephone)
considerate / thoughtful
constancy / fidelity
constant / fixed
constitution / structure
construction (lit.) / interpretation
to consult / to refer to
contemporary / modern
continuous / continual
contrary / opposite
convention / conference
to convey / to communicate
to cope / to manage
correct / right
couch / sofa
crook / criminal
crusade / campaign
cube / dice
curative / healing
curler / roller
cussed / stubborn
D
dash / sprint
daybreak / dawn
deceptive / misleading
decontrol / deregulate
dedicated / committed
to deduce / to infer
defective / faulty
deliberate / planned
deliberately / intentionally
delicate / fragile
to demostrate / to protest
to denationalize / to privatize
denims / jeans
to denote / to indicate, to represent
to deprave / to corrupt
depraved / wicked, evil
to desert / to abandon
deserted / abandoned
destiny / fate
detached / indifferent
devil / Satan
dicey / risky
to differentiate / to distinguish
to diminish / to decrease
disadvantaged / deprived
disagreeable / unpleasant
to disappear / to vanish
disaster / catastrophe
to disclaim / to deny
to disclose / to reveal
discount / reduction
disgrace / shame
domesticate / cultivate
dossier / file
dubious / doubtful
dull (person) / stupid
E
eager / keen
earth / soil
economic / profitable
egocentric / selfish
to elevate / to raise, to promote
to emphasize / to stress
to encounter / to come across
enormous / huge, immense
to enquire / to investigate
equity / fairness
especially / particularly
essential / fundamental
to establish / to set up
to evaluate / to assess
everlasting / eternal
exactly / precisely
except / apart from
to expire / to run out
to explode / to blow up
extra / additional
F
to fabricate / to manufacture
famend / renowned
fanatic / enthusiast
fantastic / great, brilliant
to float / to drift
fool / idiot
foolish / silly
forehead / brow
to foretell / to predict
formerly / previously
fortunate / lucky
foxy / cunning
foyer / lobby
fragrance / perfume
French dressing / vinaigrette
to function / to operate
G
garbage / rubbish
garbage can (AE) / trashcan (AE)
gay / homosexual
to glitter / to sparkle
to grab / to seize
grasping / greedy
gratis / free of charge
gratuity / tip
gravestone / headstone
to grouse / to grumble
gut / intestine
H
hall / corridor
to hand out / to distribute
handsome / good-looking
hang-out / haunt
happily / fortunately
hard / tough
hashish / cannabis
to hawk / to peddle
to hazard / to endanger
hearsay / rum our
hermetic / airtight
highbrow / intellectual
hint / trace, tip
hole / gap
home / domestic
homicide / murder
housebreaking / burglary
hunger / starvation
to hurry / to rush
hypothesis / speculation
I
idler / loafer
if / whether
to ignore / to disregard
illiberal / intolerant
to illuminate / to clarify; to light up
to illustrate / to demonstrate
to imagine / to suppose, to assume
to imitate / to mimic
immediate / instant
immobile / motionless
immoderate / excessive
immodest / conceited
to impact / to affect
impartial / neutral
impasse / deadlock
impassive / emotionless
to impeach / to question
impediment / obstacle
imperative / vital
impolite / rude
incidentally / by the way
inconsiderate / thoughtless
indisputable / in deniable
infamous / notorious
infantile / childish
to infect / to contaminate
inflexible / rigid
inflow / influx
informal / casual
infrequent / rare
inheritor / heir
innocent / harmless
insolvent / bankrupt
to inspect / to examine
instinct / intuition
instructions / directions
insufferable / unbearable
insufficient / inadequate
insupportable / intolerable
insurgent / rebel
intellectual / mental
to intend / to mean
to intensify / to heighten
interplay / interaction
inventory / stock
invoice / bill
to evolve / to entail
isolated / lonely
J
jealous / envious
joy / delight
K
knowingly / deliberately
L
lacking / missing
last / final
leading / main
to learn / to memorize
legitimate / valid
lethal / deadly
livable / habitable
livid / furious
loopy / crazy
lousy / awful
lucid / clear
M
mackintosh / waterproof coat
madness / insanity
magician / conjuror
magistrate / Justice of the Peace
to magnify / to exaggerate
to maintain / to preserve
manmade / artificial
mannequin / model
material / fabric
matters / things
maybe / perhaps, possibly
in the meantime / meanwhile
measure / degree
meeting / assembly
mendacity / lying
merciless / cruel
middleman / intermediary
midway / halfway
to migrate / emigrate
mild / gentle
to mimic / to imitate
mind / intellect
mindless / senseless
to minimize / to play down
to mirror / to reflect
to misconceive / to misunderstand
miserable / depressing
misery / distress
misread / misinterpret
missing / lost
mistrust / distrust
mo (AE) / moment
moderately / reasonably
modern / contemporary
more and more / increasingly
moreover / in addition
movie / film
murderer / assassin
N
naked / bare
nameless / anonymous
napkin / serviette
to narrate / to relate
a narrative / a story
a native / a local
to near / to approach
necessary / essential
nightfall / dusk
nobility / the Aristocracy
to nominate / to appoint
non-stop / continuous
noon / midday
noted / famous
to notify / to inform
notwithstanding / however
nugatory / worthless
numerous / many
O
obdurate / stubborn
object / thing
obligatory / compulsory
oblique / indirect
omnipotent / all-powerful
obsolete / out of date
off-season / low season
to operate / to function
organic / biological
ornament / decoration
outside / external
to overhaul / to overtake
to overlook / to miss
overseas / abroad
to oversee / to supervise
P
painting / portray
paper money / notes
particular / specific
passable / satisfactory
pattern / sample
peaceable / peaceful
perception / insight
phantasm / illusion
pocket book / notebook
poisonous / toxic
possibility / opportunity
post-mortem / autopsy
practically / virtually
praise / compliment
precedence / priority
precept / principle
precis / summary
pressing / urgent
previous / preceding
priority / precedence
prompt / immediate
prosperous / affluent
to provide / to supply
provided / if
to put back / to postpone
Q
to quake / to tremble
quite / fairly
R
reasonable / fair
to receive / to get
refrain / chorus
reliable / dependable
religious / devout
remainder / the rest
remark / comment
reminiscence / memory
remorse / regret
remoted / isolated
removable / detachable
to renew / to resume
to renounce / to give up
repute / reputation
to respond / to reply
revolting / disgusting
rubbish / nonsense
rude / impolite
to rue / to regret
S
sacristy / vestry
satisfied / convinced
scarcity / shortage
scrumptious / delicious
second / moment
to select / to choose
selection / choice
self-assured / confident
signal / sign
significant / meaningful
silly / foolish
sincere / honest
skull / cranium
soiled / dirty
spotlight / highlight
stable / steady
steady / regular
stupid / silly
substantially / considerably
suggest / propose
sundown / sunset
sunrise / dawn
sure / certain
surroundings / environment
to survive / to outlive
to symbolize / to represent
T
tailored / tailor-made
temper / mood
terror / terrorism
testament / testimony
today / nowadays
torpid / lethargic
touchdown / landing
touchy / sensitive
to transform / to convert
transitorily / temporary
transparent / obvious
trustworthy / reliable
twister / tornado
twosome / pair
U
ultimate / final
uncared for / neglected
uncommon / unusual
uncooked / raw
undeniable / indisputable
understandable / comprehensible
unforeseen / unexpected
unfortunate / unlucky
unhurt / unharmed
uninjured / unhurt
unlawful / illegal
unmarried / single
unstated / unspoken
untimely / premature
untrue / unfaithful
unusual / strange
unvoiced / voiceless
uprising / rebellion
usually / generally, normally
V
vacancy / emptiness
to vacuum / to Hoover
vague / indistinct
vain / useless
valueless / worthless
to vanquish / to conquer
to vary / to differ
vast / huge
virtue / advantage
to visualize / to imagine
W
warranty / guarantee
well mannered / polite
well timed / timely
winery / vineyard

CHAPTER-2

2.1 Analytical Reasoning
Analytical reasoning questions involve an arbitrary set of conditions, such as people standing in a row or choosing items from a menu, or scheduling tours. On the basis of the statements given, you are to make deductions about these relationships. It may be helpful to draw rough diagrams and simple charts while attempting to answer these
questions.

2.2 Tips for solving analytical reasoning questions.

  • Many questions are much easier to solve than they initially appear to be. Do not feel intimidated by a group of questions merely because its conditions look long or complicated.
  • In reading the conditions, do not introduce unwarranted assumptions.
  • Since it is intended that the conditions be as clear as possible, avoid interpreting them as if they were designed to trick you by means of hidden ambiguities or other such devices. When in doubt, read the conditions in their most obvious, common-language sense. This does not mean, however, that the language in the conditions is not intended to be read for precise meaning. It is essential, for instance, to pay particular attention to function words that describe or limit relationships, such as only, exactly, never, always, must be, cannot be, and the like.
  • Many examinees find it useful to underline key points in the conditions or to draw a simple diagram, as the directions for the analytical sections suggest.
  • Even thought some people who solve analytical reasoning problems find diagrams to be helpful, do not be concerned if a particular problem in the test seems to be best approached without the use of diagrams.
  • Each question should be considered separately from the other questions in its group; no information, except what is given in the original conditions, should be carried from one question to another.

2.3Example ofAnalytical Reasoning