ASSIGNMENT ON

DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION

(ENERGY MANAGEMENT)

PREPARED BY:

MALIK SAMEEULLAH (08EES31)

MANISH KUMAR (08EES32)

MANISH KUMAR BISHERWAL (08EES33)

MAYANK SINGH (08EES34)

MD. AFROZ (08EES35)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

(NEW DELHI-110025)

DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION

Electricity distributionis the final stage in thedeliveryofelectricityto end users. A distribution system'snetworkcarries electricity from thetransmission systemand delivers it to consumers. Typically, the network would include medium-voltage (less than 50kV) power lines,substationsand pole-mountedtransformers, low-voltage (less than 1kV) distribution wiring. Generally 440V and 11KV is used for consumer and small industries.

TYPE OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

LT ABC

LT ABC comes for Low Transmission Aerial Bunched Conductor. LT ABC is a novel concept of overhead power distribution in compare to bared conductor overhead distribution system. ABC provides higher safety and reliability, lower power loss and ultimate system economy by reducing maintenance and operating cost. It contains three power conductor of Aluminium insulated with XLPE (Crosslinked Poly Ethylene). XLPE is black color insulation and stabilized against deteoriation caused by exposed to direct sunlight and ultraviolet radiation. One insulated street light conductor and also one bared neutral steel conductor which is used to provide strength to cable. All five are twisted for provide good overall strength.

Component use in this system:

INSULATION PIERCING CONNECTOR(IPC): IPC is used to make connection between LT ABC and TYCO box. Each Tyco box used two IPC. For three phase supply three IPC for phase and neutral is connected with common messenger IPC. Similarly street light need one IPC.

SERVICE CLAMP: Each connection wire which is going out from Tyco box need to clamp with pole so wire is not loose and disconnect from Tyco.

I HOOK: It is used to hang LT ABC at each pole. Ground wire is hang.

DEAD END HOOK: it is used at the end pole.

BUSBAR: For three phase connection, busbar is installed in building premises which consist of four strip 3-phase, 1 neutral.

HVDS (HIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM)

Rural and industrial network which use LT distribution system fed from 11KV transformer faces lot of problem due to unsatisfactory result even after expanding lot on maintenance. Factor do to which HVDS come in picture:

  1. Unauthorized connection
  2. High technical losses due to high LT current on the network.
  3. High peak time losses due to unauthorized load.
  4. Unsatisfactory voltage condition at consumer installation (370V).

In HVDS system, HV line is extended to load point and then distribution transformer is connected with HV system, and distributes supply from transformer directly or via LT ABC. Both three phase and single phase Transformer is used according to need.

By using HVDS system, it is possible to provide 220V to each consumer. In LT system number of consumer is large and at end voltage is low. But in HVDS no. of consumer connected with one transformer is limited, so better quality of electric is received. If fault occur in any transformer than no of consumer affected is less. And theft of electric is less.

SYSTEM OVERVIEW:

  1. TRANSFORMER: Both single phase and three phase transformer of low KVA rating is used. For single phase transformer KVA rating is generally 10KVA for single phase pole mounted transformer. For three phase, KVA rating is generally 315KVA.
  2. GO SWITCH: Between primary of transformer and HT line GO switch is installed. GO switch is gang operated switch, which is used to disconnect the transformer from HT line manually. A lever mechanism is used to operate this switch.
  3. DO FUSE: Droop-Out expulsion type fuse is suitable for 50 Hz 11KV distribution system. The DO fuse is intended for use on distribution transformer for protection during overload or fault conditions of lines. Rating of DO switch is decided according to the KVA of transformer.i.e 10KA, 5KA.
  4. MCCB: MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker) is used for protecting the low voltage electrical wire and equipment, against overload and short circuit. It is generally stalled on secondary side of transformer. Two type of mechanism is use, one is thermal magnetic and other is microprocessor based.

PRECAUTION AND SAFETY: Before, starting any maintenance work, GO switch must be open. For discharging residual current present in circuit, each phase is grounded for a moment. For safety purpose, all the three phase short using chain and ground. After compilation of work this chain is remove otherwise three phase fault is occur.

JJ CLUSTER (IDEAL DISTRIBUTION FOR SLUM AREA)

Lot of complain regarding tripping and electroshock receive by NDPL from JJ Cluster (jhuggi). Also revenue loss from this area is much higher as most of the connection in this area is unauthorized. So, NDPL planned to improve the distribution system in this area. Street in this area is narrow, it is not possible to install pole in each street and water logging in each street is common. It is found that load in each house is not more than 1KVA. Wooden pole is use to provide better insulation.LT ABC is carry up to main street. Tyco is installed on each pole. Single phase supply is taken to inner area and connects to Tyco main. Now connection to each consumer is from Tyco. One Tyco provide 6 connections and one to provide supply to next Tyco. As every part of system is covered, so illegal connection is not possible. Meter is installed for each connection.

DETAIL OF project (SANRACHNA):

Area in SqKms / 4.83
Total No of Consumers / 43512
Total No of Domestic Consumers / 38542
Total No of Commercial Consumers / 4961
Total No of Agriculture Consumers / NIL
Total No of KCG Consumers / 8
Installed capacity in MVA / 93.2
No. of Distribution Transformers / 456
No. of HVDS Transformers / 251
Length of LT ABC Circuit in Kms / 70
No. of Tyco Boxes Installed / 1200

ROOT CAUSES

  1. The LT network was highly unsafe.
  2. Bulk Service Line Burnt Complaint
  3. Bulk Balli (wooden Pole )Broken Complaints
  4. Several Current leakage Complaints
  5. 11KV Interruptions on DT due to cable burnt (Leads used as the Service Cable)
  6. The connections were provided by tapping from 95 Sq mm cable, which had many open joints and frequent burnt complaints.
  7. It was very difficult to install LT Pole due to space constraint in JJ Cluster Badli.
  8. The Balli’s installed were damaged and broken.

ACTION PLAN

  1. Conduct meeting and assigning of work to the members of Quality Circle.
  2. Survey of J J Cluster for replacement of Old /Burnt out cables installed during Franchises Scheme, possible locations to installed Pole, Damaged wooden poles.
  3. Replacement of Old /Burnt out Cables.
  4. Providing additional Pole in J J Cluster.
  5. To connect the service line in Tyco Boxes.
  6. New wooden poles are installed by using 100 mmdia Pipe.

Ensure 100% closure/sealing of TYCO Box.

  1. Measurement of task through reduction in complaints.
  2. Now the Wooden balli’s installed in 100MM GI pipe to save balli’s from water logging.
  3. Measurement of task through reduction in complaints.

OVERHEAD CONDUCTOR DISTRIBUTION

This is one of the oldest system of distribution and used effectively all over India. In this four ASCR cable is used (three for phase and one for neutral return and earthing). Cable is hanging on pole with specific distance from each other. In this system, every third pole is earth. On each pole equal load is distributed from each phase. Jumper is used to connect to connect the circuit at T point. Safety is a measure issue and illegal connection is easily connected, cause overloading in system. So this system is phase out, NDPL work on to replace this system to LT ABC.

UNDERGOUND SYSTEM

This type of distribution scheme is used in well develop residential area and initial cost of system is much high. Fault detection is typical. All part of secondary network are usually underground these includes the network itself, service connection to customers, network unit and primary cables. Both primary and secondary network cables are in ducts under the street. At a fixed distance a provision to excess system.

Advanced Distribution Automation(ADA): is a term coined by theIntelliGridproject inNorth Americato describe the extension of intelligent control over electrical power grid functions to the distribution level and beyond. It is related to distribution automation that can be enabled via thesmart grid. The electrical power grid is typically separated logically into transmission systems and distribution systems.Electric power transmissionsystems typically operate above 110kV, whereasElectricity distributionsystems operate at lower voltages. Normally, electric utilities withSCADAsystems have extensive control over transmission-level equipment, and increasing control over distribution-level equipment via distribution automation. However, they often are unable to control smaller entities such asDistributed energyresources (DERs), buildings, and homes. It may be advantageous to extend control networks to these systems for a number of reasons:

(1)Distribution Generation

(2)Load side Management

(3)Check the real time performance of system

Purpose of Distribution Automation:

(1)To make the system reliable

(2)Prevent the theft problem (illegal use )

(3)Reduce the fault in distribution system so, continuous supply is possible

(4)Early fault detection (OMS)

(5)Smart meter (possibility of tempering is negligible)

(6)Load management at ground level

Distribution Management System (DMS)

Distribution Management System (DMS) is a central component to implementing Smart Grid. DMS enables utilities to manage distributed renewable generation, implement grid efficiency improvement measures, and control the isolation and restoration of outages. With DMS, the utility gets abundant real-time information about the distribution grid, including the non-telemetered feeder circuits. Utilities rely heavily on DMS to improve distribution grid reliability and efficiency.

Features & Benefits

  • Real-time Management- Advanced network management solution that completely automates the real-time management, monitoring and control of electrical distribution networks
  • Network Visualization- Allowing control room operators to view real-time network measurements and perform remote telecontrol operations combined with front-end data processing
  • Customer Status Updates– Providing accurate information to customers concerning the status of power interruptions, by integrating customer outages with up-to-date status of the distribution network
  • Reduce Utility Costs– Reducing total operating, maintenance, and support costs, while maximizing access to information through seamless interoperability with corporate customer information systems, geographic information systems and call centers

OUTAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Principles and Integration Requirements:

Major functions usually found in an OMS include:

  • Prediction of location of fuse or breaker that opened upon failure.
  • Prioritizing restoration efforts and managing resources based upon criteria such as locations of emergency facilities, size of outages, and duration of outages.
  • Providing information on extent of outages and number of customers impacted to management, media and regulators.
  • Calculation of estimation of restoration times.
  • Management of crews assisting in restoration.
  • Calculation of crews required for restoration.

The utilitiesGeographic Information System(GIS) is usually the source of this network model. By combining the locations of outage calls from customers, a rules engine is used to predict the locations of outages. For instance, since the distribution system is primarily tree-like or radial in design, all calls in particular area downstream of a fuse could be inferred to be caused by a single fuse or circuit breaker upstream of the calls.

More advancedAutomatic Meter Reading(AMR) systems can provide outage detection capability and thus serve as virtual calls indicating customers who are without power. However, unique characteristics of AMR systems such as the additional system loading and the potential for false positives requires that additional rules and filter logic must be added to the OMS to support this integration.

SMART METER: In USA and other developed country, smart meter is use in which there is a option for costumer to use prepaid or postpaid plan. Automatic meter transmitting is another feature of this meter. Overall this makes the process of billing easier and fair. Time graded tariff is popular now a day.

Low Power Generation: Solar or other form of renewable energy is used to meet the residence local need. Installation of device which takes care of this energy and proper utilize it is another aspect.