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STUDY GUIDE FOR 6TH GRADE SCIENCE MIDTERM EXAM:

YOUR EXAM IS ON: FEBRUARY 8TH, 2017

Students,

You will be taking an exam on everything you’ve learned regarding: (1) energy transfer and temperature, (2) thermal energy transfer, (3) energy transfer in motion, (4) energy transfer optimization, (5) the water cycle, (6) water in the atmosphere, and (7) water on earth. Using your resources (i.e. reading sets, graphic organizers, and notebook), you will review your comprehension of relevant content. You will have access to my teacher’s study guide via our Science 6 page on the BHM site:

This exam will consist of multiple choice, fill-in-the-blanks, and short answers (open-ended responses). If you have any last minute questions, you may email me and/or arrange to meet with me for tutoring during any lunch period leading up to this exam.

Some of my tips for success include: (1) studying in a quiet area so that you can focus without distractions, (2) drinking water, (3) for every hour, taking a 15-minute break to stretch and maybe get a snack, (4) having all of your notes, writing tools, and supplies near you, and (5) remembering that you are capable of learning the material if you put in the time and above all, believe in yourself.

By signing the line below, you’ve acknowledged that the exam is coming up on Wednesday, February 8th, 2017. You can do it! ◕◡◕

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STUDENT SIGNATURE TODAY’S DATE

UNIT 1: ENERGY TRANSFER AND TEMPERATURE

Step 1: I will check the box when I (1) fully understand the objective and I (2) can explain it to someone else (i.e. a classmate, your parent, or a friend).

OBJECTIVES

  • 1. Define energy (i.e. thermal vs. temperature).
  • 2. State the law of conservation of energy.
  • 3. List the factors involved within temperature change.
  • 4. Describe how heat flow occurs.
  • 5. Define specific heat (i.e. for water).
  • 6. Differentiate between the three temperature scales.

Step 2: Use information from your worksheets, science notebook, and assignments here. Assigned Reading Packet(s): ENERGY TRANSFER AND TEMPERATURE

# / OBJECTIVE / NOTES
1 / Define energy (i.e. thermal vs. temperature). / The ability to do work or cause change. Thermal energy is a measure of the total energy of the motion of an object’s particles. Temperature does not measure heat or thermal energy. Instead, temperature measures the average energy of motion of an object’s particles.
2 / State the law of conservation of energy. / Energy is never created or destroyed; it simply changes form.The same amount of energy that exists now has always existed. It is constantly changing form, but it never increases or decreases.
3 / List the factors involved within temperature change. / The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on: (1)the nature of the matter, (2) the size of the sample, and the (3) environment surrounding the matter.
4 / Describe how heat flow occurs. / Remember this rule about heat flow: When objects of different temperatures are in contact, heat always moves from the hotter to the cooler object until their temperatures are equal (in equilibrium).
5 / Define specific heat (i.e. for water). / Specific heat is the amount of heat needed toraise the temperature of a mass byone degree. Water has a very high specific heat, so it can absorb and hold a lot of energy in the form of heat. This is also why watertakes so long to get hotter (raise its temperature) or colder (lower its temperature).
6 / Differentiate between the three temperature scales. / One is degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the other is degrees Celsius (°C).There is another temperature scale that is often used in science; it is an International System of Units (SI unit) measurement calledkelvin. How do you convert °C to K? Just add 273 to °C.For example, 0°C = 273K and -100°C = 173K.

UNIT 2: THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER

Step 1: I will check the box when I (1) fully understand the objective and I (2) can explain it to someone else (i.e. a classmate, your parent, or a friend).

OBJECTIVES

  • 1. Differentiate between thermal energy and temperature.
  • 2. Identify and detail the three main processes for the transfer of thermal energy.
  • 3. Provide an example of conduction, radiation, and convection.
  • 4. List the factors that affect the rate of heat transfer.

Step 2: Use information from your worksheets, science notebook, and assignments here. Assigned Reading Packets: THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER

1 / Differentiate between thermal energy and temperature. / Temperature measures theaverageenergy of motion of an object’s particles. Thermal energy is a measure of thetotal energy of motion of an object’s particles.
2 / Identify and detail the three main processes for the transfer of thermal energy. / Thermal energy is transferred by: (1) conduction, (2) radiation, and (3) convection.
CONDUCTIONis the transfer of heat that happens when particles collide with each other. It can happen in solids, liquids, and gases. RADIATION is energy that travels as electromagnetic waves.CONVECTIONis the movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat.
3 / Provide an example of conduction, radiation, and convection. / An example of CONDUCTION: A spoon in hot tea. A hand coming into contact with the handle of a boiling pot.
An example of RADIATION: Sunlight, light from a light bulb, heat from our bodies, and microwaves.
An example of CONVECTION: As sunlight heats the ground, air above the ground warms and rises. As the air rises, it cools and sinks back to the ground, where it heats and rises again. This results in a CONVECTION CYCLE and causes wind. CONVECTION also cycles in seawater, powering ocean currents.
4 / List the factors that affect the rate of heat transfer. / Conductivity, temperature difference, thickness (MASS), and SURFACE AREA.

UNIT 3: ENERGY TRANSFER IN MOTION

Step 1: I will check the box when I (1) fully understand the objective and I (2) can explain it to someone else (i.e. a classmate, your parent, or a friend).

OBJECTIVES

  • 1. Define kinetic energy and potential energy. (Compare and Contrast)
  • 2. Elaborate on different forms of kinetic energy.
  • 3. Elaborate on different forms of potential energy.
  • 4. Define friction.
  • 5. BE FAMILIAR WITH HOW ALLELES INFLUENCE TRAITS

Step 2: Use information from your worksheets, science notebook, and assignments here. Assigned Reading Packet(s): ENERGY TRANSFER IN MOTION

# / OBJECTIVE / NOTES
1 / Define kinetic energy and potential energy. (Compare and Contrast) / Kinetic energyis the energy of motion.
Potential energyis the stored energy possessed by an object.
2 / Elaborate on different forms of kinetic energy. / Sound energy - Sound is produced when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate––the energy is transferred through the substance in a wave.
Motion energy is the movement of objects and substances from one place to another. Objects and substances move when a force is applied according to Newton’s Laws of Motion. Wind is an example of motion energy.
Thermal energy, or heat, is the internal energy in substances––the vibration and movement of the atoms and molecules within substances.
Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves.
Electrical energy is the movement of electrical charges.
3 / Elaborate on different forms of potential energy. / Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
Elastic (Mechanical) energy is energy stored in objects by the application of a force.
Nuclear energy is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom––the energy that holds the nucleus together.
Gravitational energy is the energy of position or place.
4 / Define friction and collision. / When objects collide or otherwise come in contact, the motion energy of one object can be transferred to change the motion or stored energy (e.g., change in shape or temperature) of the other objects.
Sometimes kinetic energy can heat up objects. The force of friction between touching objects acts to transform kinetic energy to thermal energy.Kinetic energy requires objects to be touching and in motion to act.

UNIT 4: ENERGY TRANSFER OPTIMIZATION

Step 1: I will check the box when I (1) fully understand the objective and I (2) can explain it to someone else (i.e. a classmate, your parent, or a friend).

OBJECTIVES

  • 1. Distinguish between insulators and conductors.

Step 2: Use information from your worksheets, science notebook, and assignments here. Assigned Reading Packet(s): ENERGY TRANSFER OPTIMIZATION

# / OBJECTIVE / NOTES
1 / Distinguish between insulators and conductors. / Insulators—a material that DOES NOT allow heat to flow through it easily. Materials such as wood, plastic, fiberglass, and air are good insulators. Gases are usually much better insulators than solids or liquids.
Conductors—a material that ALLOWSheat to flow through it easily. Although conduction can occur in solids, liquids, and gases, solids usually conduct heat much more effectively. Metals such as silver, copper, and aluminum are among the best heat conductors.

UNIT 5: THE WATER CYCLE

Step 1: I will check the box when I (1) fully understand the objective and I (2) can explain it to someone else (i.e. a classmate, your parent, or a friend).

OBJECTIVES

  • 1. Draw, label, and thoroughly explain the water cycle.

Step 2: Use information from your worksheets, science notebook, and assignments here. Assigned Reading Packet(s): THE WATER CYCLE

1 / Draw, label, and thoroughly explain the water cycle.

UNITS 6&7: WATER IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND WATER ON EARTH

Step 1: I will check the box when I (1) fully understand the objective and I (2) can explain it to someone else (i.e. a classmate, your parent, or a friend).

OBJECTIVES

  • 1. Explain thermohaline circulation.
  • 2. Distinguish between weather and climate.
  • 3. List the factors that affect local weather patterns.

Step 2: Use information from your worksheets, science notebook, and assignments here. Assigned Reading Packet(s): WATER IN THE ATMOSPHERE & WATER ON EARTH

1 / Explain thermohaline circulation. / •Thermohaline circulation : deep-ocean currents driven by differences in the water’s density, controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline).
The thermohaline circulation is the major, deep ocean current that transports energy from the tropics to the poles. The Gulf Stream is a component of this circulation, transporting warm, tropical surface waters north. As water in the Gulf Stream moves north, the heat energy in the water is transferred to the air, and thereby, the water becomes cooler, denser, and sinks. This new cold, dense water then flows back towards the equator deep in the ocean.
2 / Distinguish between weather and climate. / •Weather describes the atmospheric conditions in a region, at a specific point in time. It is reported in short time frames - minutes, hours, days, and weeks. Weather is the combination of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility, and wind. It also includes sunshine, hail, snow, sleet, thunderstorms, and tornadoes.
•Climateis defined as statistical weather information. It is the average pattern for weather over a period of time (months, years, or decades). Climate represents the synthesis of weather; it is the weather of a region averaged over some period (usually 30 years) plus statistics of weather extremes.
3 / List the factors that affect local weather patterns. / 1. Landforms
2. Wind
3. Ocean Currents
•Landforms affect the amount of moisture in the atmosphere. A rain shadow is a dry region that is behind a mountain. This area behind the mountain does not get the prevailing winds that the other side of the mountain gets. On the front side of the mountain (called the windward side), the moist air rises to the top, and the air becomes cooler. When the air cools, it cannot hold as much moisture, so the water vapor condenses as rain or snow and falls on the windward side of the mountain. As the air continues over the mountain, it has lost most of its moisture content and very little rain or snow falls on the backside (called the leeward side) of the mountain, creating a rain shadow.
•Ocean currents drive weather patterns. Currents are movements of ocean water in a continuous flow. Ocean currents affect the weather along coastal areas by transporting warm water and rain from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the equator.

KEY VOCAB 01 DEFINITIONS

1. WORK (n)-The measure of energy transfer of an object over a distance by an external force

2. MECHANICAL (adj)-Of or relating to manual operations

3. CONDUCTOR (n)-Materials that permit electrons to flow freely from particle to particle as they more readily allow heat transfer

4. ELECTRICAL (adj)-Describing a fundamental form of energy created by the movement of electrons (negative charges), protons, or positrons (positive charges) and generating current

5. INSULATOR (n)-A material or an object that does not easily allow heat, electricity, light, or sound to pass through it

6. THERMAL (adj)-Relating to heat

7. POTENTIAL (adj)-The energy possessed by a body as a result of its position or condition rather than its motion

8. ENERGY (n)-Exists in a variety of forms, such as electrical, mechanical, chemical, thermal, or nuclear, and can be transformed from one form to another. It is measured by the amount of work done

9. KINETIC (adj)-Of or relating to the motion of material bodies and the forces and energy associated therewith

10. HEAT(n)- A measure of the thermal energy that is transferred from one place to another

KEY VOCAB 02 DEFINITIONS

1. collision (noun) -When objects come in contact, the motion energy of one object can be transferred to change the motion or stored energy (e.g., change in shape or temperature) of the other objects.

2. friction (noun) -The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.

3. matter (noun) - Anything that has mass and takes up space.

4. states (i.e. energy) (noun) - Distinct forms of matter known in everyday experiences: solid, liquid, and gas; also referred to as phases.

5. energy transfer (adj/noun) –Movement of energy from one system to another.

6. spontaneously (adv) –Occurring without an external cause.

KEY VOCAB 03

1. Atmosphere (noun) : The layer of gas surrounding planet Earth, held in place by gravity and composed of a limited number of elements, primarily nitrogen and oxygen.

2. Condensation (noun) : The change from gas state to liquid state.

3. Evaporation (noun): Change of a liquid to a vapor or gas.

4. Transpiration (noun) : The evaporation of water through openings on the leaves of plants.

5. Crystallization (noun): The formation of highly ordered, solid structures from particles in a solution.

6. Precipitation (noun): Rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls from clouds in the sky

7. Gravity (noun): The force of attraction that pulls objects toward each other; the force that controls the motion of our solar system

8. vapor (noun): The invisible gas form of water

9. sublimation (noun): The transition of a substance directly from the solid to gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.

10. infiltration (noun): Permeation of a liquid into something by filtration

KEY VOCAB 04 LIST-

  1. weather (noun)- the daily atmospheric conditions of a specific area at a specific time
  2. climate (noun)- the average weather conditions of an area over an extended time period.
  3. weather forecast (adj/ noun)- the prediction of the daily atmospheric conditions of an area.
  4. rain shadow (adj/noun)- a region having little rainfall because it is sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing winds by a range of hills.
  5. landform (noun)- a natural feature of the earth's surface.
  6. wind (noun)- the perceptible natural movement of the air, especially in the form of a current of air blowing from a particular direction.
  7. cold front (adj/noun)- the boundary of an advancing mass of cold air, in particular the trailing edge of the warm sector of a low-pressure system.
  8. warm front (adj/noun)- the boundary of an advancing mass of warm air, in particular the leading edge of the warm sector of a low-pressure system.
  9. ocean current (adj/noun)- any more or less permanent or continuous, directed movement ofoceanwater that flows in one of the Earth'soceans.
  10. hydrosphere (noun)- all the waters on the earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the earth's surface, such as clouds.