US History
Ms. Gonzalez
February 3rd, 2016
Aim: To what extent has the federal government achieved a more inclusive society for all Americans?
Notes
Civil Rights / The rights of citizens to enjoy the benefits that a society has to offer. (for example; the right to be treated equal, to have equal opportunities….Overall, civil rights = ______
Circumstances / 1896—Plessy v. Ferguson
* The Supreme Court determined that as long as the separate facilities were “______” it was Constitutional to keep the races ______.
* “______” led to the legal segregation of the races and the ______.
Brown v Board of Education (1954) / * ______v. ______of Topeka, Kansas was six cases, brought by parents on behalf of their children in coordination with the ______.
* Parents tried to enroll their children in their closest neighborhood school in 1951, which were ______schools.
* Each student was denied enrollment and forced to attend the closest all-black school.
Key Players:
Name:
Who was he? / Name:
Who was he?
The Result of Brown v. Board of Ed.
* In a unanimous 9-0 decision written by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme Court held that segregated schools were ______.
* “…In the field of public education, the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently ______. Therefore, we hold that plaintiffs and others …are deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the ______.”
The decision in Brown v Board of Ed. inspired African Americans to continue to fight for equality in other areas…
Little Rock 9 / § “______”: In the fall of 1957, ______African American students tried to enroll in a white high school, they were threatened by angry mobs of Whites and even the governor blocked the entrance of the African American students.
§ U.S. President Dwight ______ sent Army troops to Little Rock to make sure that integration was carried out.
Montgomery Bus boycott / Montgomery Bus boycott: on December 1, 1955, ______ (a leader of her local ______chapter) was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man.
• Her decision inspired thousands of African Americans and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and its leader ______. to ______ the city buses.
• African Americans ______to work or ______until city buses allowed them to sit where they pleased.
• The bus company suffered a huge loss of business and in 1956, the Supreme Court declared that segregation in buses was ______.
Letter from a Birmingham Jail / The Birmingham Campaign
In the early 1960s, Birmingham, ______was one of the most racially divided cities in the United States. Martin Luther King Jr. called it the most ______city in the country.
• On April 12, 1963, after several days of protests, Martin Luther King and 50 others were arrested. It was King's _____th arrest.
The Letter from Birmingham Jail is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King, Jr.
• The letter defends the strategy of ______to racism.
• It says that people have a moral responsibility to ______ and to take direct action rather than waiting for justice.
• Key quote: "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".
“I have a Dream” / "I Have a Dream" is a public ______delivered by ______during the March on Washington for ______and ______ on August 28, 1963, in which he calls for an ______to ______in the US and called for civil and economic rights.
• Over ______civil rights supporters were present.
The words of MLK and the success of the bus boycott convinced many African Americans that direct action methods could help them achieve their civil rights
Sit-ins / § ______: college and high school students joined by some whites would sit at segregated lunch counters and restaurants and refused to leave until they had been served. The demonstrators were insulted, spat upon, and sometimes arrested.
Freedom rides / § ______: African Americans and whites organized rides to the southern states to end segregation in interstate buses.
Selma to Montgomery March
Selma to Montgomery March / § The ______-to-______ for voting rights lasted 3 weeks and left four people dead.
§ On "______," March 7, 1965, some 600 civil rights marchers headed out of Selma. They got only as far as six blocks away, where state and local lawmen attacked them with clubs and tear gas and drove them back into Selma.
§ Two days later on March 9, Martin Luther King, Jr., led a march to the bridge.
§ On Sunday, March 21, about 3,200 marchers set out for Montgomery, walking 12 miles a day and sleeping in fields. By the time they reached the capitol, they were 25,000-strong.
§ The marches led President ______to sign the ______of 1965
Some African American activists disagreed with the nonviolent methods of the SCLC and NAACP and decided to become more militant (rebellious, aggressive)
Malcolm X
Black Panthers / • ______: was a famous leader that represented the restlessness among African Americans who believed that civil rights must be achieved through whatever means necessary.
• ______: organization that called for the ______of African Americans. Black Panthers monitored the behavior of police officers and challenged police brutality. Methods used by the party varied with local leadership, and in some places there was violence.
Federal Legislation / • The Civil Rights Act of 1957 intended to ______civil rights laws and investigates charges of ______of civil rights.
• The Civil Rights Act of 1960 intended to help African Americans ______.
• The 24th Amendment (1964) barred ______in federal elections.
• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made ______illegal.
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 strongest civil rights bill. It ordered restaurants, hotels and other businesses to serve _____ people without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. It also barred ______by employers and established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce fair employment practices.
Further Supreme Court cases / · Cooper v. Aaron (1958) Federal enforcement of desegregation
· Boynton v. Virginia (1960) Outlawed racial segregation in public transportation
· Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964) Upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964, banning racial discrimination in public places and public accommodations
§ To what extent has the federal government achieved a more inclusive society for all Americans?