Change Through Time Review
1. On the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed
a. completely unrelated species on each of the islands.
b. species exactly like those found in mainland South America.
c. somewhat similar species to those on the mainland, with traits that suited their particular environments.
d. species completely unrelated to those found in mainland South America.
2. The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on the Galápagos Islands displayed different structural adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin noted was the
a. similarities of the birds’ embryos.
b. birds’ different-shaped beaks.
c. length of the birds’ necks.
d. number of eggs in each bird’s nest.
3. The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates. Most biologists would probably explain this fact on the basis of
a. the needs of the organisms.
b. a common ancestor.
c. the struggle for existence.
d. the inheritance of acquired traits.
4. When a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock, the process involved is
a. natural selection.
b. artificial selection.
c. artificial variation.
d. survival of the fittest.
5. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, certain individuals will leave more offspring on average than do other individuals. Their survival is due to the
a. possession of adaptations developed through use.
b. possession of inherited adaptations that are well-suited to the environment.
c. lack of competition within the species.
d. choices made by plant and animal breeders.
6. The combined alleles of all the individuals that make up a population is the population’s
a. relative frequency.
b. phenotype.
c. genotype.
d. gene pool.
7. Charles Darwin’s observation that finches of different species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finch species
a. have grown larger since Darwin’s visit.
b. acquired traits through use and disuse.
c. all eat the same type of food.
d. originated from a common ancestor.
8. Darwin’s theory of evolution is based on the idea(s) of
a. variation and natural selection.
b. use and disuse.
c. a tendency toward perfect, unchanging species.
d. the transmission of acquired characteristics.
9. In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur shown in Figure 14-1 are
a. examples of fossils.
b. vestigial structures.
c. acquired traits.
d. examples of natural variation.
10. Which of the following statements describe what all members of a population share?
a. They are behaviorally isolated from each other.
b. They are geographically isolated from each other.
c. They are members of the same species.
d. They have identical genes.
11. The separation of populations by barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water is called Figure 14-1
a. timing isolation.
b. geographic isolation.
c. behavioral isolation.
d. genetic equilibrium.
12. A factor that keeps species separate is
a. reproduction at different times.
b. incompatible reproductive structures.
c. different mating behaviors.
d. any of the above
13. A single species that has evolved into several different forms that live in different ways has undergone
a. adaptive radiation.
b. convergent evolution.
c. punctuated equilibrium.
d. mass extinction.
14. Sometimes, organisms that are not closely related look similar because of
a. convergent evolution.
b. radiometric dating.
c. cladistics.
d. punctuated equilibrium.
15. Examples of fossils include preserved
a. eggs.
b. footprints.
c. body parts.
d. all of the above
16. Most fossils form in
a. rusty water.
b. ice.
c. sedimentary rock.
d. the sap of ancient trees.
17. During his voyage on the HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin made many observations
a. in England.
b. in North America.
c. in South America.
d. in Asia.
18. When lions prey on a herd of antelopes, some antelopes are killed and some escape and live to reproduce. Which best describes this situation?
a. An individual passes along acquired characteristics to the next generation.
b. Natural selection is a random process.
c. Individuals that function best tend to leave the most offspring.
d. Species remain unchanged throughout time.
19. Upon close examination of the skeleton of an adult python, a pelvic girdle and leg bones can be observed. These features are an example of _____.
a. artificial selection c. vestigial structures
b. homologous structures d. comparative embryology
20. When checking shell color for a species of snail found only in a remote area seldom visited by humans, scientists discovered the distribution of individuals that is shown in the graph in Figure 15-1. Based on the information shown in the graph, the snail population is undergoing _____.
a. stabilizing selection c. artificial selection
b. disruptive selection d. directional selection
21. Before biogenesis became an accepted cornerstone of biology, it was widely accepted that _____.
a. living things could arise spontaneously from other living things
b. Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur would be unable to test the current beliefs
c. flies could be produced only from other flies Figure 15-1
d. maggots were the immature offspring of flies
22. Urey and Miller subjected water, ammonia, methane, and hydrogen to heating and cooling cycles and jolts of electricity in an attempt to _____.
a. determine how the dinosaurs became extinct
b. find out whether the conditions of ancient Earth could have formed complex organic compounds
c. determine the age of microfossils
d. find out how ozone forms in the atmosphere
23. Which event contributed most directly to the evidence of aerobic organisms?
a. an increase in the concentration of methane in the ancient atmosphere
b. a decrease in the sun's light intensity
c. the presence of organisms able to carry on photosynthesis
d. an increase in the number of organisms carrying on fermentation
24. What did Pasteur do in his experiments on spontaneous generation that other scientists before him had not done?
a. He boiled the broth in his flasks.
b. He sealed his flasks.
c. He used curve-necked flasks and left them open.
d. He added microorganisms to the broth before he boiled it.
25. How did Redi test the hypothesis of spontaneous generation?
a. He placed meat in one container and left another container empty; he then observed the containers for the appearance of maggots.
b. He placed meat in two containers and covered one of them; he then observed the containers for the appearance of maggots.
c. He placed meat in two containers and fly eggs in one of them; he then observed the containers for the appearance of maggots.
d. He placed adult flies in two containers, one with meat in it and one without. He then observed the containers for the appearance of maggots.
26. Miller and Urey did not use oxygen gas in their apparatus because oxygen
a. is not essential to most forms of life. c. would have led to the formation of microorganisms.
b. does not react with ammonia, methane, or hydrogen. d. was not believed to have been present in Earth’s early atmosphere.
27. Darwin thought that the plants and animals of the Galapagos Islands were similar to those of the nearby coast of South America because
a. their ancestors had migrated from South America to the Galapagos Islands.
b. they had all been created by God to match their habitat.
c. the island organisms had the same nucleotide sequences in their DNA as the mainland organisms.
d. he found fossils proving that the animals and plants had common ancestors.
28. The process by which members of a population become better suited to its environment is known as
a. accommodation. c. adaptation.
b. variation. d. selection.
29. According to Darwin, evolution occurs
a. by chance.
b. during half-life periods of 5,715 years.
c. because of natural selection.
d. rapidly.
30. Organisms well suited to their environment
a. reproduce more successfully than those less suited to the same environment.
b. are always larger than organisms less suited to that environment.
c. always live longer than organisms less suited to that environment.
d. need less food than organisms less suited to that environment.
Please read and analyze each question carefully. Provide all the information necessary to answer each question completely. Be specific.
ANALYSIS 1
1. What differences are apparent in the phenotypes of the three tortoise species shown in Figure 14-3?
2. Provide an evolutionary reason for the phenotypic differences found in the tortoises. Be specific.
Figure 14-3
3. Considering the phenotypic differences of the tortoises shown in Figure 14-3, which tortoises—a population from Pinta Island or a population from Isabela Island—might survive more successfully on Hood Island? Why?
ANALYSIS 2
1. According to Figure 15-5, what can a scientist conclude about the evolution of the three organisms depicted above? Explain.
2. According to Figure 15-5, what are the similarities and differences among the three organisms depicted above?
Figure 15-5
3. What can be inferred about A and B?
ANALYSIS 3
Comparison of Two Vertebrates
Characteristics Shark Dolphin
Habitat Ocean Ocean
Type of Vertebrate Fish Mammal
Composition of Skeleton Cartilage Bone
Type of Teeth Large numbers Large numbers
of sharp teeth of sharp teeth
Respiration Breathes in water Breathes in air
through gills through lungs
Figure 14-4
1. Charles Darwin would say that sharks like the one in the diagram exhibit fitness. Explain what the term “fitness” means, and discuss two specific adaptations as part of your explanation.
2. Evidence indicates that dolphins evolved from ancestors that walked on land. How can the concept of natural selection be used to explain the evolution of the present-day dolphin body?
3. If you wanted to find out whether sharks and dolphins share homologous structures, what structures would you examine? Explain.
ANALYSIS 4
1. According to Figure 15-1, what barrier appears to keep bullfrogs reproductively isolated? Explain
ANALYSIS 5
1. Scientists have never seen the ancient horses shown in Figure 14-2. What do you think was the main type of evidence scientists used to prepare these diagrams?
2. According to Figure 14-2, how did overall body size of the horse change during its evolution? Assume that all horses in the figure are drawn to scale.
Figure 14-2
3. Does Figure 14-2 show that all species evolved through gradualism or punctuated equilibrium? Explain your answer.
ANALYSIS 6
1. Explain what speciation means using examples from Figure 15-2.
2. Suppose that researchers suspected that two groups shown in Figure 15-2 were actually a single species. How might the researchers test that hypothesis?
3. Charles Darwin found the bird species in Figure 15-2 on one or more of the Galápagos Islands. How might the island geography have affected the evolution of these species?
ANALYSIS 7
The apparatus shown below was used by scientists in the 1950s to re-create the conditions of early Earth
1. Name the scientists that performed experiments using this apparatus.
2. Refer to the illustration above. Water vapor in the reaction chamber labeled “C” was mixed with all of the following except
a. ammonia. c. oxygen.
b. hydrogen. d. methane.
3. Why did you select the substance in the previous question? Explain!!!
4. Gases were circulated through the apparatus. When the mixture reached the reaction chamber labeled “C,” an electric spark was activated. What did the scientists discovered in the collecting chamber? What did the results indicate?
ANALYSIS 8
1. What does Figure 14.9 suggest? Be specific.
Figure 14.9
2. Describe the 3 types of Natural Selection below