Homework: Practice Exam

Grading: Turn in the multiple choice questions to me on a Scan Tron; choose any 4 short essay to complete, and grade yourselves based on my key (available second week of class). Each essay question is worth 10 points. Turn your graded essay questions in to me. There are a few multiple choice questions that go back to the special senses.

Guidelines: All information required can be found in your textbook, Applications Manual

and/or the notes. I will provide an accessory handout for the last essay question. You are

certainly welcome to use outside sources, but are not required to do so. Unless otherwise

stated, you are only required to provide as much detail as I provided in my notes. If I

want you to go beyond that, I will clearly state so. To my new students: For questions

that tap into last quarter, my lecture notes are still on the web, so you can get an idea of

the detail I went into.

You are welcome and encouraged to work in groups, but keep in mind: all written

material must be original. Any papers with duplicate answers (or those in which a few

words have been changed here and there) will be severely penalized. Any papers that

mimic the book or my lecture outlines will be severely penalized. All work must be in your

own words.

Each question has many parts. Be very careful that you answer each part, and don’t forget

anything. You do not necessarily have to answer the question in paragraphs/full

sentences. Some of the questions are best answered with tables or diagrams. Feel free to

use them, just be sure to clearly indicate what’s going on.

Short Essay

1.

a. List 2 hormones that affect the use of energy by cells (glucose &/or fatty acid

use, ATP production, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, lipolysis or

fat storage) For each, state the class it belongs to, where it’s produced, two effects

that it has, and what stimulates its release. Briefly describe one disorder

associated with one of these hormones.

Hormone / Class / Where produced / Two effects / What stimulates release

Disorder (Name hormone and describe):

b. Now do the same for 2 hormones that affect calcium in blood and/or bone, either directly or indirectly. Do not describe a disorder for one of these.

Hormone / Class / Where produced / Two effects / What stimulates release

2. a. Describe one hormone (other than any listed from #1) that is ultimately under

the control of the hypothalamus/adenohypophysis. Name the hormone/factor

from the hypothalamus, the hormone from the adenohypophysis, and the final

hormone and where it comes from (kidney, etc). Describe one effect this final

hormone will have on target cells. How do hormones get from the hypothalamus

to the adenohypophysis?

b. A person with symptoms of hypothyroidism (for example, sluggishness and

intolerance to cold) is found to have abnormally low plasma concentrations of

T4, T3, and TSH. After an injection of TRH the plasma concentrations of all

three hormones increase. Where is the site of the defect leading to the

hypothyroidism?

c. Vera is receiving very large doses of a cortisol-like drug to treat her arthritis.

Theoretically, what should happen to her own production/secretion of cortisol (increase or decrease)? What hormone should a drug mimick if you wanted to increase Vera’s production of GCTH?

3. This example has absolutely no basis in reality. If you know how the hormones

can affect their target cells and which use 2nd messengers, you can predict how any

hormone, fake or real, will act. Hormone X is a hormone in the Who species (you

know, the kind that Horton heard and the Grinch wanted to repress). Hormone

X allows the Whos to sing for extended periods of time. It does so by affecting

metabolism in a number of different ways. One of the specific effects Hormone X

has is in muscle cells of the larynx: it stimulates those cells to increase the number

of enzymes involved in ATP production.

a. Let’s say Hormone X is a peptide hormone. Describe how it will affect a

muscle cell of the larynx, starting with its arrival at the target cell and

ending with the production of more active enzyme (be sure to state why

there’s more active enzyme)

b. Now repeat, only this time pretend Hormone X is a steroid hormone.

4. You are an employee for a company who just hired a new manager. On his second day, he came barging into your office telling you that he’s been going through your records and watching your performance, and if things don’t shape up dramatically and soon, you’re outta there. You were completely unaware of any problem and have no idea how to remedy the situation, so everyday for the next month or so you enter the office of eggshells wondering if today is the day you will be fired. Oh, and you have no savings or prospects for jobs and for some reason are ineligible for unemployment compensation. Assuming that you are a reasonably sensitive person (ie, this actually will affect you),

a. Briefly describe your Autonomic Nervous System response when the boss came in and barked this information at you. Be sure name the dominating division and to include 4 specific effects of the dominating division.

b. Describe your endocrine response starting with the first traumatic event and then the subsequent long-term response (ie, go through the phases of the stress response). Be sure to name the dominant hormones of each phase, and the effects each of the hormones will have.

c. Why are the maintenance of blood glucose and the mobilization of lipids the major themes of the long-term response?

d. Is the long-term endocrine response designed to help you survive this particular type of crisis? What type/s of crises is it designed to help you survive?

Bonus 1 point: Based on the effects of the hormones involved, why do you think that overeating and a lack of exercise might actually make this stress response harmful rather than helpful?

  1. You’re a reporter at the scene of a disaster. Actually, you’re a really tiny reporter living inside a biology instructor. The disaster is that one of the instructor’s blood vessels has just been sliced by a scalpel. You’ve arrived at the scene immediately.
  2. List the 3 phases of hemostasis, and state one event which will happen during EACH phase.
  1. How do the first platelets on the scene get stuck/activated?
  1. Name one factor released by platelets/endothelial cells that will promote the clotting process.
  2. Outline or diagram the biochemical cascade of events that occurs once Factor X is activated.
  1. Briefly describe one thing that will aid in the clean-up or control of a clot.

6. Tilly, Ermy, Fanny and Si are donating blood. The following shows the results of their blood tests. Assume that all Rh- people have received Rh+ blood in the past.

a. Complete the chart by filling in each of their blood types:

Anti-A / Anti-B / Anti-Rh / Type?
Tilly / No reaction / Agglutination / No reaction
Ermy / Agglutination / Agglutination / No reaction
Fanny / No reaction / No reaction / Agglutination
Si / Agglutination / Agglutination / Agglutination
  1. From which group member/s can Si receive blood?
  2. To which group member/s can Si give blood?
  3. From which group member/s can Ermy receive blood?
  4. To which group member/s can Fanny give blood?
  5. Is anyone in this group unable to receive blood from the others (if so, name/s)?

Multiple Choice ( .93 point each)

Choose the BEST answer for each of the following. Please use a Scan-Tron.

  1. Luppe has not been exposed to sunlight for several months. Which of the following might we expect to find severely depressed levels of in his blood?
  2. Ca2+
  3. PTH
  4. Calcitriol
  5. Vitamin K
  6. All of the above
  1. Theoretically, who would be most likely to need to take both thyroid hormone and calcitonin as a medication?
  2. An adult with Grave’s disease
  3. A person with hyperparathyroidism
  4. An infant with congenital hypothyroidism (dysfunctional or non-existent thyroid)
  5. An adult with hypothyroidism
  6. A child with type I diabetes (dysfunctional pancreas)
  1. Which of the following would diffuse across the membrane of its target cell?
  2. Tri-iodothyronine
  3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
  4. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
  5. Epinephrine
  6. Oxytocin
  1. The most likely target cell of erythropoietin would be ______, and erythropoietin ______actually enter the cell to produce its effect.
  2. Melanocytes; would
  3. Erythrocytes; would not
  4. Lymphoid stem cells; would not
  5. Folllicle cells; would
  6. Myeloid stem cells; would not
  1. Which of the following is not a known role of Ca2+in the body?
  2. Acts as a second messenger
  3. Triggers neurotransmitter release
  4. Involved in muscle contraction
  5. Acts as a neurotransmitter
  6. Neither A nor D are known roles of Ca2+
  1. Currently, most of Homer’s body cells are using glucose to make ATP. His adipose cells are taking in fatty acids and storing them as triglycerides. He probably had a doughnut ______, and his liver cells are probably ______glycogen.
  2. Recently; synthesizing
  3. Many hours ago; breaking down
  4. Recently; breaking down
  5. Many hours ago; synthesizing
  1. Goiter can be the result of the overproduction of unfinished:
  2. Thyroxine
  3. Reticulocytes
  4. Erythrocytes
  5. Calcitonin
  6. Oxytocin
  1. Connie visits her doctor after she stumbles on her stairway and incurs a bone fracture. Her physician conducts a bone density test and determines that her bones are very thin for her age. He then takes a blood sample and finds that she has extremely elevated levels of Ca2+ in her blood. Which structure in her body is he most likely to suspect a problem with?
  2. The thyroid gland
  3. The parathyroid glands
  4. The kidneys
  5. The adenohypophysis
  6. No structure, instead he will be interested in her exposure to sun
  1. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which means that our cells are not able to make it, so we must obtain it from dietary proteins. Hypothetically, which of the following symptoms might you expect if you had a deficiency of tryptophan (actually, you would show symptoms of general protein deficiency rather than symptoms specific to tryptophan):
  2. Reduced ability to increase heart rate
  3. Increased occurance of free radical damage in the brain
  4. Altered sleep cycles
  5. A and B
  6. B and C
  1. Which of the following would you NOT expect to occur during the Alarm Phase of a stress response?
  2. More epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from the adrenal medullae
  3. Cardiac muscle fails because of a lack of K+; organs are digested to provide amino acids for gluconeogenesis
  4. Pupils constrict
  5. A and B
  6. B and C
  1. Which of the following deficiencies would you expect to have the greatest effect on vision?
  2. Vitamin D
  3. Ca2+
  4. Vitamin A
  5. Vitamin K
  6. K+
  1. Female eggs and male sperm require the help of special “nanny cells” to develop properly. The production of nanny cells is induced by:
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Epinephrine
  4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  5. Oxytocin
  6. More than one of the above
  1. How are the retina and the epithalamus related?
  2. Both send impulses to the visual cortex along the optic nerve
  3. Both contain populations of photoreceptors that are sensitive to light energy
  4. The epithalamus communicates with the retina via the mesencephalon to alter photoreceptors’ sensitivity to light energy at different times of the day
  5. The retina communicates with the epithalamus via the hypothalamus to relay information about day length
  6. Serotonin is produced by satellite cells in the retina and sent to the epithalamus
  1. Which sensory system relies on ciliated cells being pushed against a thick immovable membrane?
  2. Olfaction
  3. Gustation
  4. Vision
  5. Equilibrium
  6. Hearing
  1. Which sensory system uses a one-cell system, in which the sensory neuron that sends the message to the brain is the same cell that detects the stimulus directly?
  2. Olfaction
  3. Vision
  4. Hearing
  5. Equilibrium
  6. None of the above
  1. Where does the above sensory system send its nerves?
  2. Olfactory bulbs
  3. Visual cortex
  4. Cochlear nuclei
  5. Vestibular nuclei
  6. Cerebellum
  1. Hormones are rid/inactivated by:
  2. Enzymes in tissue interstitial fluids
  3. Degradation or excretion by liver cells
  4. Enzymatic degradation at synaptic clefts
  5. A and B
  6. A and C
  1. Which of the following is NOT a peptide hormone?
  2. Insulin
  3. Erythropoietin
  4. Glucagon
  5. Progesterone
  6. Calcitonin
  1. What is the role of vitamin A in vision?
  2. Retinal is a form of vitamin A
  3. Opsin is a form of vitamin A
  4. Vitamin A is part of an enzyme that drives some of the reactions that occur in response to light energy
  5. The iris is pigmented with carotenoids
  6. None of the above
  1. Which of the following does NOT directly promote the secretion of a hormone from another gland?
  2. Prolactin
  3. Leutenizing hormone
  4. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  5. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  6. A and B
  1. Evidence of alcohol’s effect on ADH release would logically include:
  2. Frequent urination
  3. Bloating
  4. Dehydration
  5. A and B
  6. A and C
  1. Which of the following does a mature (mammalian) red blood cell lack:
  2. Nucleus
  3. Glycolytic enzymes
  4. Mitochondria
  5. A and C
  6. B and C
  1. Calcitonin is made in the ______by ______.
  2. Kidneys; follicles
  3. Islets of Langerhans; beta-cells
  4. Thyroid gland; c-cells
  5. Kidneys; beta-cells
  6. Thyroid gland; follicles
  1. Which of the following is secreted FARTHEST (in distance) from the adrenal cortex?
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Aldosterone
  4. AntiDiuretic Hormone
  5. Epinephrine
  6. Erythropoietin
  1. Which of the following is NOT responsible for transferring the energy from sound waves to mechanoreceptors of the inner ear?
  2. Auditory ossicles
  3. Tympanic membrane
  4. Perilymph
  5. Maculae
  6. More than one of the above
  1. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is secreted by:
  2. Testes
  3. Ovaries
  4. Adenohypophysis
  5. Neurohypophysis
  6. Hypothalamus
  1. Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a chemical secreted by intact endothelial cells into the plasma/interstitium in response to vessel damage. It affects nearby platelets to limit coagulation and neighboring smooth muscle to encourage vasodilation. Little, if any, released PGI2 affects cells in distant areas. PGI2 is mostly likely a/n:
  2. Biogenic amine
  3. Eicosanoid
  4. Sterol
  5. Peptide
  6. Carbohydrate
  1. The secretion of which of the following would be affected by exposure to sunlight:
  2. Calcitriol
  3. Triiodothryronine
  4. Melatonin
  5. Aldosterone
  6. More than one of the above
  7. The role of fibrin in blood clotting is:
  8. Activates factor X
  9. Forms a mesh around injured area
  10. Digests the clot
  11. Induces vascular spasms
  12. Activates thrombin
  1. Which of the following is NOT a function of erythrocytes related to their shape?
  2. High surface area: volume
  3. Allows single file stacking through capillaries
  4. Allows flexing and bending through really tiny capillaries
  5. Allows RBC to squeeze through spaces in capillaries to leave the blood and enter tissues
  1. Jim has blood type A+. He receives blood from Mary. There is no reaction, and he accepts the blood without a problem. Mary must have blood type:
  2. A+
  3. B-
  4. AB-
  5. Any of the above are possible
  6. Not enough information; not all possible types have been presented.
  1. Blood pressure can be affected by many factors including overall body blood vessel constriction, heart rate, red blood cell count, Na+ retention and water retention at the kidneys. Which of the following would be unlikely to affect blood pressure at all?
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Atrial natriuretic peptide
  4. Erythropoietin
  5. Epinephrine
  6. None of the above
  1. Cutting the axons of neurons from the paraventricular nuclei traveling through the infundibulum would affect blood levels of:
  2. TSH
  3. Prolactin
  4. Corticosteroids
  5. Oxytocin
  6. FSH
  1. Which of the following deficiencies would most likely be the result of chronically high levels of aldosterone?
  2. Glucose
  3. Na+
  4. K+
  5. Ca2+
  6. Protein
  1. Which of the following is NOT a second messenger?
  2. cAMP
  3. Ca2+
  4. Protein kinase A
  5. B and C
  6. None of the above (all are second messengers in different systems)
  1. Which of the following would bind a receptor on the cell membrane rather than enter the cell to have its effect?
  2. Calcitriol
  3. Glucagon
  4. Triiodothyronine
  5. Aldosterone
  6. Testosterone
  1. Which of the following is NOT produced by the gonads (ovaries or testes)?
  2. Estrogen
  3. Testosterone
  4. Progesterone
  5. Prolactin
  6. More than one of the above
  1. Which of the following is NOT a derivative of tyrosine?
  2. Epinephrine
  3. Norepinephrine
  4. Dopamine
  5. Melatonin
  6. Triiodothyronine
  1. When is retinal found in a trans (straight) conformation?
  2. In the absence of light energy
  3. When excited by a photon
  4. When excited by sound waves
  5. When you hold your head still
  6. When you are trying to focus on an object which is far away
  1. Otoliths are part of ______and are involved in producing the sense of ______.
  2. Rhodopsin; vision
  3. Limbic system; smell
  4. Cristae; equilibrium
  5. Maculae; equilibrium
  6. Organ of Corti; hearing
  1. Most plasma proteins are made in the:
  2. Red marrow
  3. Liver
  4. Kidneys
  5. Thymus
  6. Pancreas
  1. Lowell is blood type O-. He receives blood from Joan. There is no reaction, and he accepts the blood without a problem. Joan must be blood type:
  2. AB+
  3. O-
  4. A-
  5. Any of the above are possible
  6. Not enough information; not all possible types have been presented.
  1. The component of hemoglobin that actually binds O2 temporarily is:
  2. The beta chains
  3. The alpha chains
  4. Fe
  5. Heme
  1. The stem cell that gives rise to all erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes is:
  2. Megakaryocyte
  3. Myeloid stem cell
  4. Lymphoid stem cell
  5. Hemocytoblast
  6. Proerythroblast
  1. Neutrophils are most closely related to:
  2. Erythrocytes
  3. Lymphocytes
  4. Basophils
  5. Platelets
  6. Macrophages
  1. Jaundice is a condition in which there is an excess of a yellowish pigment in the blood. Where does that pigment originate?
  2. Erythrocytes
  3. Leukocytes
  4. Kidneys
  5. Retina
  6. Melanocytes
  1. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by:
  2. A genetic defect
  3. An iron deficiency
  4. A folate deficiency
  5. A B12 deficiency
  6. More than one of the above
  1. Cholecalciferol:
  2. Is produced by the thyroid gland
  3. Enters the blood from the skin
  4. Increases dietary absorption of Ca2+
  5. Stimulates osteoblasts
  6. Is produced by the adrenal cortex
  1. Cells of the Islets of Langerhans would be stimulated by:
  2. Blood Ca2+ levels
  3. Blood glucose levels
  4. Erythropoietin
  5. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  6. More than one of the above
  1. Plasmin is a protein that will ______and is indirectly activated by ______.
  2. Form a mesh around the damaged area of a vessel; Factor X
  3. Enhance platelet aggregation; platelet factor
  4. Digest fibrin; thrombin
  5. A and B
  6. None of the above
  1. Which of the following do NOT occur during the erythroblast/normoblast stages of erythropoiesis:
  2. Organelles are ejected
  3. Nucleus is ejected
  4. Fe is collected
  5. Hb is synthesized
  6. Immature RBC is released to the blood
  1. The WBC that promotes dilation of vessels and prevents clots from spreading is:
  2. Neutrophil
  3. Natural killer cell
  4. Macrophage
  5. Erythrocyte
  6. Basophil
  1. Platelets are cell fragments pinched off from:
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Lymphoid stem cells
  4. Megakaryocytes
  5. Myeloid stem cells
  6. Hemocytoblasts
  1. What will happen to Fe when an erythrocyte is phagocytosed?
  2. It will be bound by transferrin
  3. It will travel to the red marrow
  4. It will travel to the liver
  5. All of the above
  6. None of the above; it will be excreted in bile
  1. The structure in the eye that changes shape to focus an image is the ______.